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Thermalization at the femtoscale seen in high-energy Pb+Pb collisions
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Thermalization at the femtoscale seen in high-energy Pb+Pb collisions
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A collision between two atomic nuclei accelerated at a speed close to that of light creates a dense system of quarks and gluons. Interactions among them are so strong that they behave collectively like a droplet of fluid of ten-femtometer size, which expands into the vacuum and eventually fragments into thousands of particles. We report a new manifestation of thermalization in recent data from the Large Hadron Collider. Our analysis is based on results from the ATLAS Collaboration, which has measured the variance of the momentum per particle across Pb+Pb collision events with the same particle multiplicity. This variance decreases steeply over a narrow multiplicity range corresponding to central collisions. We provide a simple explanation of this newly-observed phenomenon: For a given multiplicity, the momentum per particle increases with increasing impact parameter. Since a larger impact parameter goes along with a smaller collision volume, this in turn implies that the momentum per particle increases as a function of density, which is a generic consequence of thermalization. Our analysis provides the first direct evidence of this phenomenon at the femtoscale.
Forward citations
Cited by 7 Pith papers
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Thermal and geometric normal modes of spectral fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions
Rotated PCA of simulated Pb+Pb spectra separates spectral fluctuations into a coherent thermal mode that fully explains v0(pT) and a double-node geometric mode that drives the low-pT sign change of v02(pT).
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The size of the quark-gluon plasma in ultracentral collisions: impact of initial density fluctuations on the average transverse momentum
Volume variation with multiplicity in ultracentral collisions is small when total entropy scales with nuclear mass number, as shown by relating it to initial density fluctuation profiles.
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