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Lemur: Integrating Large Language Models in Automated Program Verification

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arxiv 2310.04870 v5 pith:5SYYQOBL submitted 2023-10-07 cs.FL cs.AIcs.LGcs.LO

classification cs.FLcs.AIcs.LGcs.LO
keywords automatedverificationprogramllmsmethodologyabstractbenchmarkscalculus
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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The demonstrated code-understanding capability of LLMs raises the question of whether they can be used for automated program verification, a task that demands high-level abstract reasoning about program properties that is challenging for verification tools. We propose a general methodology to combine the power of LLMs and automated reasoners for automated program verification. We formally describe this methodology as a set of transition rules and prove its soundness. We instantiate the calculus as a sound automated verification procedure and demonstrate practical improvements on a set of synthetic and competition benchmarks.

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Cited by 8 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Satisfiability Solving with LLMs: A Matched-Pair Evaluation of Reasoning Capability

    cs.AI 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    A matched-pair protocol and Accurate Differentiation Rate metric reveal that conventional LLM accuracy on SAT problems is often inflated by over-predicting satisfiability, while cross-representation agreement exceeds ...

  2. Event-B Agent: Towards LLM Agent for Formal Model Synthesis and Repair

    cs.SE 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    Event-B Agent is an LLM agent that synthesizes, refines, and repairs Event-B formal models from natural language requirements via iterative verification feedback loops.

  3. An AI Approach to Verified Production Cryptographic Libraries

    cs.CR 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    An AI agent, guarded by mechanical integrity gates, synthesized Verus-verified internal specifications and proofs for curve25519-dalek and chacha20 without changing executable code.

  4. LimICE: Integrating LLM into ICE Framework for Efficient Loop Invariant Inference

    cs.SE 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    LimICE combines LLM-generated facts, incremental lemma synthesis, and a decision-tree fallback to solve 349/367 linear and 47/50 nonlinear loop-invariant benchmarks, beating state-of-the-art tools.

  5. Guiding Human Validation of LLM-Generated Code via Verifiable Literate Programming

    cs.SE 2026-07 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    VLP adds an NL documentation layer with trace-linked mismatch detection and derived formal checks to make human validation of LLM code feasible, lifting pass@1 from 28.7-73.2% to 65.4-93.5%.

  6. Using LLMs to Adjudicate Static-Analysis Alerts with Error Reduction Techniques

    cs.SE 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.5 of 10

    Mid-tier reasoning LLMs with consistency checks and LLM reasoning evaluation adjudicate static-analysis alerts at ≥98% recall and ≥94.8% specificity across Juliet, FormAI, and SV-COMP.

  7. Evaluating LLM-Generated ACSL Annotations for Formal Verification

    cs.SE 2026-02 unverdicted novelty 4.0 of 10

    Rule-based annotation generation for ACSL outperforms LLM-based methods in achieving successful formal verification of C programs.

  8. The 4/$\delta$ Bound: Designing Predictable LLM-Verifier Systems for Formal Method Guarantee

    cs.AI 2025-11 reject novelty 2.0 of 10

    The 4/δ bound is the mean of four geometric distributions, not a new theorem, and the simulation validation is circular.

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