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APPLE: An Evolution Code for Modeling Giant Planets

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arxiv 2404.14483 v2 pith:J3JOM5H5 submitted 2024-04-22 astro-ph.EP astro-ph.IMastro-ph.SR

APPLE: An Evolution Code for Modeling Giant Planets

classification astro-ph.EP astro-ph.IMastro-ph.SR
keywords appleevolutiongiantheliumcodeenvelopeexoplanetfeatures
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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We introduce APPLE, a novel planetary evolution code designed specifically for the study of giant exoplanet and Jovian planet evolution in the era of Galileo, Juno, and Cassini. With APPLE, state-of-the-art equations of state for hydrogen, helium, ice, and rock are integrated with advanced features to treat ice/rock cores and metals in the gaseous envelope; models for helium rain and hydrogen/helium immiscibility; detailed atmosphere boundary tables that also provide self-consistent albedos and spectra; and options to address envelope metal gradients and stably-stratified regions. Our hope is that these purpose-built features of APPLE will help catalyze the development of the next generation of giant exoplanet and Jovian planet evolutionary models.

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  1. The influence of composition gradients on giant planet radii

    astro-ph.EP 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0

    Composition gradients change giant-planet radii only by altering total entropy over time; after a ~Gyr decoupling age the radius depends only on mass and bulk metallicity.