Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

The rising costs of training frontier AI models

As of 18 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 0 of 0 outbound references and 45 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2405.21015.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2405.21015 v2

Coverage vector

measured 0 of 0 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 45 of 45 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00

measured 45 of 45 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-16T12:34:53.452722Z

measured 1 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: pith, observed 2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z

Reference resolution

0 of 0 outbound references displayed

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External citation measurements

22
pith, observed 2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z

Outbound references

No outbound reference observations are available for this paper version.

Pith citing papers

Observation 2139240e-7a7e-48ec-848f-f17b3a2255e2 · inbound

The Internet of Large Language Models: An Orchestration Framework for LLM Training and Knowledge Exchange Toward Artificial General Intelligence cites this paper.

The Internet of Large Language Models: An Orchestration Framework for LLM Training and Knowledge Exchange Toward Artificial General Intelligence The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 6

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Observation 9cd8c37a-c20a-45e0-8843-11f7d050315b · inbound

StruM: Structured Mixed Precision for Efficient Deep Learning Hardware Codesign cites this paper.

StruM: Structured Mixed Precision for Efficient Deep Learning Hardware Codesign The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 23

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Observation 252eac39-7388-4717-be9e-6a70a8dc6d8e · inbound

Position: The Most Expensive Part of an LLM should be its Training Data cites this paper.

Position: The Most Expensive Part of an LLM should be its Training Data The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 10

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Observation 5ee990dd-e6c9-4b8f-bc81-fa9718803a6a · inbound

ZenFlow: Enabling Stall-Free Offloading Training via Asynchronous Updates cites this paper.

ZenFlow: Enabling Stall-Free Offloading Training via Asynchronous Updates The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 9

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Observation 1b2e3845-c995-41c3-90cd-6945cebf4dc0 · inbound

Multilingual Test-Time Scaling via Initial Thought Transfer cites this paper.

Multilingual Test-Time Scaling via Initial Thought Transfer The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 7

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Observation 39e48f24-b7e6-48c2-a511-60f53dc4c2cf · inbound

GPTFootprint: Increasing Consumer Awareness of the Environmental Impacts of LLMs cites this paper.

GPTFootprint: Increasing Consumer Awareness of the Environmental Impacts of LLMs The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 2024

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Observation a26113e8-66f5-432a-900c-6bf7e824bd86 · inbound

Bayesian Inverse Physics for Neuro-Symbolic Robot Learning cites this paper.

Bayesian Inverse Physics for Neuro-Symbolic Robot Learning The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 8

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Observation ecfaa338-89ea-4808-b27c-16656cdae504 · inbound

A Survey of End-to-End Modeling for Distributed DNN Training: Workloads, Simulators, and TCO cites this paper.

A Survey of End-to-End Modeling for Distributed DNN Training: Workloads, Simulators, and TCO The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 25

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Observation 89ee6e51-33dc-47c8-aa57-ac186c1123d7 · inbound

TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training cites this paper.

TrainVerify: Equivalence-Based Verification for Distributed LLM Training The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 32

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Observation 3d29a9be-dd12-4935-a93e-f419a4625ad9 · inbound

Projected Compression: Trainable Projection for Efficient Transformer Compression cites this paper.

Projected Compression: Trainable Projection for Efficient Transformer Compression The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 4

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Observation c6de41cc-bec8-40c6-bcd7-1aface91964a · inbound

A Theory of Inference Compute Scaling: Reasoning through Directed Stochastic Skill Search cites this paper.

A Theory of Inference Compute Scaling: Reasoning through Directed Stochastic Skill Search The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 85

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Observation b58e0551-8654-407a-997d-80a01ad26e9e · inbound

Solving the compute crisis with physics-based ASICs cites this paper.

Solving the compute crisis with physics-based ASICs The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 16

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Observation a8bd766c-6adb-4b42-844c-844e94aba30d · inbound

Towards EnergyGPT: A Large Language Model Specialized for the Energy Sector cites this paper.

Towards EnergyGPT: A Large Language Model Specialized for the Energy Sector The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 14

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Observation 19432257-cdfa-4a27-9547-036bf0d87fee · inbound

Predicting LLM Reasoning Performance with Small Proxy Model cites this paper.

Predicting LLM Reasoning Performance with Small Proxy Model The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 10

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Observation a39075b3-06cb-497b-b356-ad3c25190559 · inbound

Performance-Carbon Trade-Offs across Architectural Biases in Shear Flow Forecasting cites this paper.

Performance-Carbon Trade-Offs across Architectural Biases in Shear Flow Forecasting The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 10

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-22T13:04:52.563801Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation aa6db73a-d815-4bd0-a207-bd624efb95ea · inbound

Unraveling Syntax: Language Modeling and the Substructure of Grammars cites this paper.

Unraveling Syntax: Language Modeling and the Substructure of Grammars The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T12:47:19.537543Z

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Observation 4ea74f42-d73d-4895-b6db-467619387fe5 · inbound

Optimal Resource Allocation for ML Model Training and Deployment under Concept Drift cites this paper.

Optimal Resource Allocation for ML Model Training and Deployment under Concept Drift The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T16:43:18.093746Z

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Observation 9be43537-dca3-4942-8b62-7bf225639c74 · inbound

Revisiting Training Scale: An Empirical Study of Token Count, Power Consumption, and Parameter Efficiency cites this paper.

Revisiting Training Scale: An Empirical Study of Token Count, Power Consumption, and Parameter Efficiency The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T11:25:09.536774Z

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Observation 408f937a-81f5-496c-a811-f840e39b4418 · inbound

LLMOrbit: A Circular Taxonomy of Large Language Models -From Scaling Walls to Agentic AI Systems cites this paper.

LLMOrbit: A Circular Taxonomy of Large Language Models -From Scaling Walls to Agentic AI Systems The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 15

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-16T12:47:53.731108Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 948e82ed-44b2-457d-afa7-f7f9ae89131b · inbound

FlexServe: A Fast and Secure LLM Serving System for Mobile Devices with Flexible Resource Isolation cites this paper.

FlexServe: A Fast and Secure LLM Serving System for Mobile Devices with Flexible Resource Isolation The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 18

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-15T14:25:55.511143Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 8dbe84a3-1059-4f57-a393-226e935ac56b · inbound

FlexServe: A Fast and Secure LLM Serving System for Mobile Devices with Flexible Resource Isolation cites this paper.

FlexServe: A Fast and Secure LLM Serving System for Mobile Devices with Flexible Resource Isolation The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 18

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Observation bebf9252-3fde-45f3-b44b-81e125b3aab3 · inbound

When Do We Need LLMs? A Diagnostic for Language-Driven Bandits cites this paper.

When Do We Need LLMs? A Diagnostic for Language-Driven Bandits The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 15

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T00:25:51.382344Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 9815c797-6a82-49b9-84a2-1ffc6c0901d8 · inbound

The End of the Foundation Model Era: Open-Weight Models, Sovereign AI, and Inference as Infrastructure cites this paper.

The End of the Foundation Model Era: Open-Weight Models, Sovereign AI, and Inference as Infrastructure The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 9

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-15T09:25:22.245550Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation acfcf6e8-bf9b-4617-b355-5c5c2c024e1e · inbound

Switching Efficiency: A Novel Framework for Dissecting AI Data Center Network Efficiency cites this paper.

Switching Efficiency: A Novel Framework for Dissecting AI Data Center Network Efficiency The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 11

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-10T10:44:38.432499Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation f88baf13-ebd2-452e-a36e-9adae9466570 · inbound

Complementing Self-Consistency with Cross-Model Disagreement for Uncertainty Quantification cites this paper.

Complementing Self-Consistency with Cross-Model Disagreement for Uncertainty Quantification The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 6

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-10T06:31:30.613971Z

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Observation 5dd2d022-309c-4e8d-bf49-4a06172cdf26 · inbound

From Cradle to Cloud: A Life Cycle Review of AI's Environmental Footprint cites this paper.

From Cradle to Cloud: A Life Cycle Review of AI's Environmental Footprint The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 19

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T18:31:12.807082Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation ffab86df-d804-40c0-a152-bd868c93d707 · inbound

Who Prices Cognitive Labor in the Age of Agents? Compute-Anchored Wages cites this paper.

Who Prices Cognitive Labor in the Age of Agents? Compute-Anchored Wages The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 12

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T19:21:09.187783Z

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Observation 5a5cf472-a154-4b13-93fa-e382d7215527 · inbound

Who Prices Cognitive Labor in the Age of Agents? Compute-Anchored Wages cites this paper.

Who Prices Cognitive Labor in the Age of Agents? Compute-Anchored Wages The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 12

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T05:00:54.934158Z

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Observation ee75093b-4215-437b-8198-b9575f048d06 · inbound

Unleashing Scalable Context Parallelism for Foundation Models Pre-Training via FCP cites this paper.

Unleashing Scalable Context Parallelism for Foundation Models Pre-Training via FCP The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 34

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-12T01:46:15.009383Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 8b0d04df-f6e8-4a9a-af92-83d2a88cc502 · inbound

Rescaled Asynchronous SGD: Optimal Distributed Optimization under Data and System Heterogeneity cites this paper.

Rescaled Asynchronous SGD: Optimal Distributed Optimization under Data and System Heterogeneity The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 138

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-14T19:32:52.233649Z

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Observation 3646d5e4-ffe4-4479-846c-01c13e83f3ce · inbound

Spectral structural distortion reveals redundant neurons in neural networks cites this paper.

Spectral structural distortion reveals redundant neurons in neural networks The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 12

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Observation 7d9cf0f9-c41d-4f63-879d-3c1d67c8f244 · inbound

An Asymptotic Theory of Chain-of-Thought in In-Context Learning cites this paper.

An Asymptotic Theory of Chain-of-Thought in In-Context Learning The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 5

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Validity Threats for Foundation Model Research cites this paper.

Validity Threats for Foundation Model Research The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 19

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-02T07:36:44.936326Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation dfa0bc50-96f0-4bcf-8db7-74cc88ef6b6e · inbound

Zero knowledge verification for frontier AI training is possible cites this paper.

Zero knowledge verification for frontier AI training is possible The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 9

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-02T08:26:47.818649Z

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Observation ead7abba-12a1-48e0-90f7-b48767e07153 · inbound

AI Sovereignty: A Qualitative Model of Strategic Competition as AI Becomes an Instrument of National Power cites this paper.

AI Sovereignty: A Qualitative Model of Strategic Competition as AI Becomes an Instrument of National Power The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 16

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-06-27T20:51:15.925618Z

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Observation 1357a98b-2f10-446b-a248-5326fe8ab5e1 · inbound

Beware of GeeksBearing Gifts: Building True EU Frontier AI Sovereignty cites this paper.

Beware of GeeksBearing Gifts: Building True EU Frontier AI Sovereignty The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 4

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-01T08:55:34.631925Z

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Observation 1f28d9ae-1c07-4bbb-9d83-ce4340d783f5 · inbound

FlexServe: A Fast and Secure LLM Serving System for Mobile Devices with Flexible Resource Isolation cites this paper.

FlexServe: A Fast and Secure LLM Serving System for Mobile Devices with Flexible Resource Isolation The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 15

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-04T11:39:46.625843Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation d9d14833-f1fb-4efc-94e7-2a380f4354ef · inbound

The Energy Consumption of Transformer Fine-Tuning: A Roofline-Inspired Scaling Model cites this paper.

The Energy Consumption of Transformer Fine-Tuning: A Roofline-Inspired Scaling Model The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 10

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-04T10:09:45.455300Z

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Observation ff85548b-e093-455c-9ecd-bb489ed37baa · inbound

BaFCo: A Document Understanding Benchmark for Complex Bangla Form Comprehension cites this paper.

BaFCo: A Document Understanding Benchmark for Complex Bangla Form Comprehension The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 6

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Observation a663756a-2e21-4be9-b38d-278e8a600808 · inbound

zkComposer: Decomposing Proof Construction to Scale zkML cites this paper.

zkComposer: Decomposing Proof Construction to Scale zkML The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 9

Resolution: metadata mismatch; local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-10T13:17:05.981442Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation ead9939e-a843-402f-880e-d5eb45156686 · inbound

The Human-AI Substitution Principle: When will you be replaced by AI in your organization? cites this paper.

The Human-AI Substitution Principle: When will you be replaced by AI in your organization? The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 63

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 1359a49e-cc94-4bab-b41d-80e8fb7a24bf · inbound

Khondo: A Multimodal Benchmark for Document Packet Splitting of Bangla Forms cites this paper.

Khondo: A Multimodal Benchmark for Document Packet Splitting of Bangla Forms The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T06:49:14.589404Z

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Observation 04b4a209-a1f9-4284-b2c2-e9b5688c6a2c · inbound

Opti-Q: A Constraint-Based Optimization Framework for Multi-LLM Question Planning cites this paper.

Opti-Q: A Constraint-Based Optimization Framework for Multi-LLM Question Planning The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T11:01:28.249200Z

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Observation f0b4154d-f9d1-4ca1-a7f8-c8a91aad9ec2 · inbound

Small-Scale Experiments: Are We There Yet? cites this paper.

Small-Scale Experiments: Are We There Yet? The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T00:32:38.433414Z

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Observation 99e1acb6-ce25-4539-aca3-954320d624b3 · inbound

Sovereign by necessity? Frontier AI export controls, cyber security, and the limits of national AI capability cites this paper.

Sovereign by necessity? Frontier AI export controls, cyber security, and the limits of national AI capability The rising costs of training frontier AI models

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T14:59:01.358139Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.