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Unveiling Selection Biases: Exploring Order and Token Sensitivity in Large Language Models

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arxiv 2406.03009 v1 pith:4VNM7F5T submitted 2024-06-05 cs.CL cs.AI

Unveiling Selection Biases: Exploring Order and Token Sensitivity in Large Language Models

classification cs.CL cs.AI
keywords modelsbiasesordertokenimpactllmsoptionselection
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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In this paper, we investigate the phenomena of "selection biases" in Large Language Models (LLMs), focusing on problems where models are tasked with choosing the optimal option from an ordered sequence. We delve into biases related to option order and token usage, which significantly impact LLMs' decision-making processes. We also quantify the impact of these biases through an extensive empirical analysis across multiple models and tasks. Furthermore, we propose mitigation strategies to enhance model performance. Our key contributions are threefold: 1) Precisely quantifying the influence of option order and token on LLMs, 2) Developing strategies to mitigate the impact of token and order sensitivity to enhance robustness, and 3) Offering a detailed analysis of sensitivity across models and tasks, which informs the creation of more stable and reliable LLM applications for selection problems.

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Cited by 3 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Towards Order Fairness: Mitigating LLMs Order Sensitivity through Dual Group Advantage Optimization

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    DGAO uses reinforcement learning to optimize LLMs for both accuracy and order stability by balancing intra-group accuracy advantages and inter-group stability advantages.

  2. When LLMs Agree, Are They Right? Auditing Self-Consistency and Cross-Model Agreement as Confidence Signals

    cs.AI 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0

    Across 265,000 samples on GPQA and AIME, LLM self-consistency is a positive but weak predictor of correctness (ρ 0.20–0.59), with frontier models showing the worst over-confidence and confident errors recurring across...

  3. Do Large Language Models Plan Answer Positions? Position Bias in Multiple-Choice Question Generation

    cs.CL 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    LLMs implicitly plan answer positions during MCQ generation, as shown by predictive signals in hidden representations and controllable shifts via activation steering.