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Image Captioning Evaluation in the Age of Multimodal LLMs: Challenges and Future Perspectives

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arxiv 2503.14604 v2 pith:EE245KRE submitted 2025-03-18 cs.CV cs.AIcs.CL

Image Captioning Evaluation in the Age of Multimodal LLMs: Challenges and Future Perspectives

classification cs.CV cs.AIcs.CL
keywords evaluationimagecaptioningmetricscaptionschallengesfuturelimitations
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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The evaluation of machine-generated image captions is a complex and evolving challenge. With the advent of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), image captioning has become a core task, increasing the need for robust and reliable evaluation metrics. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of advancements in image captioning evaluation, analyzing the evolution, strengths, and limitations of existing metrics. We assess these metrics across multiple dimensions, including correlation with human judgment, ranking accuracy, and sensitivity to hallucinations. Additionally, we explore the challenges posed by the longer and more detailed captions generated by MLLMs and examine the adaptability of current metrics to these stylistic variations. Our analysis highlights some limitations of standard evaluation approaches and suggests promising directions for future research in image captioning assessment.

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Cited by 7 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. PPE-Bench: A Benchmark for Evaluating MLLM Unlearning under Private-Public Entanglement

    cs.CR 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0

    Existing MLLM unlearning methods reduce private-attribute leakage on entangled images but substantially harm co-occurring public figures and landmarks, with private knowledge often re-emerging after public finetuning.

  2. ITIScore: An Image-to-Text-to-Image Rating Framework for the Image Captioning Ability of MLLMs

    cs.CV 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    ITIScore evaluates MLLM image captions via image-to-text-to-image reconstruction consistency and aligns with human judgments on a new 40K-caption benchmark.

  3. FPBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Multimodal Large Language Models for Fingerprint Analysis

    cs.CV 2025-12 conditional novelty 6.0

    FPBench evaluates 20 MLLMs across 8 fingerprint tasks on 7 datasets and shows fine-tuning vision and language encoders improves performance by 7-39%.

  4. A Reconstruction-Based Framework for Caption Evaluation Beyond Reference Captions

    cs.CV 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0

    Reference-free caption quality is scored by the downstream vision-language accuracy of a caption-conditioned reconstructed image, via a new CTTD benchmark.

  5. LenGuard-GPC: Length Guarding with Guided-Prompt Consistency for Spatial Reasoning Reinforce Learning

    cs.AI 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0

    LenGuard-GPC adds a token-level KL consistency reward between standard and guided prompts, plus a staged length bonus, to GRPO training of Qwen3-VL-8B and reports better accuracy with shorter responses on multi-view s...

  6. Spotlight and Shadow: Attention-Guided Dual-Anchor Introspective Decoding for MLLM Hallucination Mitigation

    cs.CV 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    DaID mitigates MLLM hallucinations by attention-guided selection of dual layers that calibrate token generation using internal perceptual discrepancies.

  7. TCAP: Tri-Component Attention Profiling for Unsupervised Backdoor Detection in MLLM Fine-Tuning

    cs.AI 2026-01 unverdicted novelty 4.0

    TCAP detects backdoor samples in MLLM fine-tuning via tri-component attention profiling, GMM-based head identification, and EM vote aggregation.