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The Spectrum of Gravitational Waves from Annihilating Domain Walls
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The Spectrum of Gravitational Waves from Annihilating Domain Walls
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Networks of cosmic domain walls can form in the early Universe as a consequence of the spontaneous breaking of discrete symmetries. We study the production of a cosmological background of gravitational waves (GWs) from such networks, when they annihilate due to a small explicit symmetry breaking term. Averaging over several 3+1-dimensional high-resolution lattice field simulations, we obtain a GW spectrum with the following characteristics: (1) a broad asymmetric peak, roughly located at frequency (at the time of emission) $f\sim 2 H_{\rm gw}$, where $H_{\rm gw}$ is the Hubble rate at the end of GW production, shortly after annihilation, (2) a doubly broken power law spectrum $\propto k^{-n}$, with initial slope $n \sim 0.5$ after the main peak and $n \sim 1.8$ at high $f$, while the low frequency region $f<f_p$ agrees with the causality behavior $\sim k^3$. Additionally, extending previous results, we find that GW production continues to be efficient until a value of the Hubble scale $H_{\text gw}$ that is roughly an order of magnitude smaller than the naive estimate $\sigma H = \Delta V$, where $\sigma$ is the wall tension and $\Delta V$ the size of the symmetry breaking term, thereby leading to a $O(100)$ larger GW signal. We find such results to be robust when changing the shape of the scalar field potential or including a time-dependent symmetry breaking term. Our findings have important implications for GW searches, especially in light of the reported evidence for a stochastic GW background in Pulsar Timing Array data.
Forward citations
Cited by 12 Pith papers
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Loss of the Scaling Attractor in Self-Gravitating Domain Wall Networks
Coupling domain wall networks to dynamical expansion shows the scaling attractor is lost, leading to wall-dominated frustration.
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Domain walls through different cosmologies
Domain-wall network area scales as S ≈ 2ξV/τ with ξ≈1.2 across cosmologies from dust to near-Minkowski, so the particle horizon—not H⁻¹—sets the correlation length and GW peak.
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Fixing IR tail of gravitational waves from domain walls
Per-mode time averaging after source shutdown removes nonphysical IR wiggles in simulated GW spectra from domain walls; PRS scaling yields incorrect spectra even with rescaled sources.
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Domain Walls From Confining Bubbles: $SU(N_{c})$ Yang Mills at Finite $\theta$
A nonzero theta angle weakens supercooling in SU(Nc) Yang-Mills confinement and makes any resulting domain-wall gravitational-wave signal invisible except under severe fine-tuning.
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Biased Domain Wall Networks and their Gravitational Waves
Population-biased domain wall networks annihilate at T_ann ~ T_s B_s^0.8 and emit a single-broken-power-law gravitational-wave spectrum peaking near twice the Hubble scale.
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PTA-Compatible Domain Walls at LISA and Taiji: Bayesian Reconstruction and Multiband Inference
Bayesian multiband analysis shows LISA and Taiji reconstruct PTA-compatible domain wall parameters in the strong-signal regime, with joint PTA priors reducing 10D degeneracies.
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Primordial Black Hole from Tensor-induced Density Fluctuation: First-order Phase Transitions and Domain Walls
Tensor perturbations from first-order phase transitions and domain wall annihilation induce curvature fluctuations at second order that form primordial black holes, allowing asteroid-mass PBHs to comprise all dark mat...
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Spontaneous Baryogenesis from Axions on Induced Electroweak Walls
An axion-like particle's domain wall or shock wave induces an electroweak phase boundary whose motion creates a local B+L chemical potential that biases active sphalerons to generate net baryon asymmetry.
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Radiative Lifting of $\mathbb{Z}_3$ Domain-Wall Degeneracy in a Type-III Seesaw Model: Implications for Leptogenesis and Gravitational Waves
A Z3-symmetric Type-III seesaw model uses radiative Coleman-Weinberg effects to lift vacuum degeneracy and annihilate domain walls, fitting neutrino data, generating baryon asymmetry via leptogenesis at 10^9 GeV tripl...
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Primordial Black Hole from Tensor-induced Density Fluctuation: First-order Phase Transitions and Domain Walls
Tensor perturbations from FOPT and domain-wall sources are claimed to induce second-order scalar perturbations large enough to form primordial black holes, potentially all of the dark matter.
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Majoron Dark Matter, High-Scale Seesaw, and Leptogenesis
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