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LLM Security: Vulnerabilities, Attacks, Defenses, and Countermeasures

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arxiv 2505.01177 v1 pith:F53A2KXO submitted 2025-05-02 cs.CR cs.AIcs.LGcs.NE

classification cs.CRcs.AIcs.LGcs.NE
keywords attacksdefensessecuritydefensellmsmodelssurveythreats
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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As large language models (LLMs) continue to evolve, it is critical to assess the security threats and vulnerabilities that may arise both during their training phase and after models have been deployed. This survey seeks to define and categorize the various attacks targeting LLMs, distinguishing between those that occur during the training phase and those that affect already trained models. A thorough analysis of these attacks is presented, alongside an exploration of defense mechanisms designed to mitigate such threats. Defenses are classified into two primary categories: prevention-based and detection-based defenses. Furthermore, our survey summarizes possible attacks and their corresponding defense strategies. It also provides an evaluation of the effectiveness of the known defense mechanisms for the different security threats. Our survey aims to offer a structured framework for securing LLMs, while also identifying areas that require further research to improve and strengthen defenses against emerging security challenges.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Uncovering Vulnerabilities of LLM-Assisted Cyber Threat Intelligence

    cs.CR 2025-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    LLMs assisting cyber threat intelligence fail mainly due to spurious correlations, contradictory knowledge, and constrained generalization that stem from the threat landscape itself.

  2. Secure Multi-LLM Agentic AI and Agentification for Edge General Intelligence by Zero-Trust: A Survey

    cs.NI 2025-08 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A survey proposing zero-trust architecture for multi-LLM systems in edge computing, with a taxonomy of model- and system-level defenses and a conceptual framework.

  3. SoK: Semantic Privacy in Large Language Models

    cs.CR 2025-06 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A systematization of knowledge arguing that LLM privacy threats extend beyond data leakage to semantically inferred attributes, and that current defenses only partially address them.

  4. A Survey on Model Extraction Attacks and Defenses for Large Language Models

    cs.CR 2025-06 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A taxonomy of model extraction attacks and defenses for large language models, with proposed evaluation metrics and future research directions.

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