Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 3 cited by

Toward graviton detection via photon-graviton quantum state conversion

T0 review · 3 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-06 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

Pith's one-line read The paper derives a state-dependent photon–graviton conversion probability in which an inflationary squeezed graviton background adds a factor of order 10^4 at 100 MHz, and shows the process swaps and creates entanglement between the two…

desk verdict A clean but incremental QFT derivation of photon-graviton conversion with squeezed states; the advertised 10^4 enhancement is an assumed input from the authors' own inflationary model, not a derived prediction. read the letter →

arxiv 2507.01609 v1 pith:63NRUKXZ submitted 2025-07-02 quant-ph gr-qchep-phhep-th

Taiki Ikeda , Youka Kaku , Sugumi Kanno , Jiro Soda This is my paper
classification quant-phgr-qchep-phhep-th
keywords photon–gravitonconversionsqueezedcoherentstatestwo-modevacuumprimordialgravitationalwavesgravitondetectionquantumentanglementquantizationofgravityhigh-frequency
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper rederives the conversion between photons and gravitons in a magnetic field as a quantum process, keeping track of the state of both fields instead of solving classical wave equations. It claims that when the photon is prepared as a squeezed coherent state and the graviton background is the two-mode squeezed vacuum expected from inflation, the conversion probability is multiplied by a photon-state factor and by a graviton-squeezing factor $\cosh^2 z$. In the paper's example, photons near 100 MHz in a standard inflationary background receive an enhancement of order $10^4$ relative to the conventional estimate. The same process can transfer preexisting entanglement from the photon sector into photon–graviton correlations and can generate entanglement from separable states, which no classical description allows. This matters because observing those nonclassical correlations would be evidence that gravity is quantized, offering a path toward graviton detection.

What carries the argument

The engine of the calculation is the interaction-picture Hamiltonian obtained from the minimal-coupling term, in which the transverse magnetic field component $B_\perp$ enters only through the effective coupling $\lambda = B_\perp/\sqrt{2}M_{\rm pl}$ and the two graviton polarizations decouple. Because the time dependence appears only in c-number coefficients, the time-evolution operator collapses to $U=e^{-iQ}$, so transition amplitudes are evaluated with squeezing-operator identities rather than by a perturbative expansion. The single-mode squeezing operator for the photon, the two-mode squeezing operator for the graviton (which correlates the $k$ and $-k$ modes), and the displacement operator for the coherent amplitude are the objects that convert the vacuum amplitude into the product form with $\cosh^2 z$, $\cosh^2 r$, and the $|\beta|^2$ term. This same operator structure is what lets the conversion act as an entangling gate on the photon–graviton system: it swaps occupation between the two sectors in a coherent superposition.

What would settle it

Run a long, high-field photon–graviton conversion search around 100 MHz and compare the detected photon excess with the unsqueezed vacuum rate $(B_\perp L/\sqrt{2}M_{\rm pl})^2$; observing a rate consistent with that baseline, or an upper bound below the $\cosh^2 z$-enhanced prediction, would rule out the claimed primordial enhancement for that frequency band.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper's central claim is that the photon-to-graviton conversion probability in a background magnetic field depends on the quantum state of both fields, not only on the field strength and path length. For a photon in a squeezed coherent state with squeezing $r$ and displacement $\beta$ converting in a graviton two-mode squeezed vacuum (a state with correlated $k$ and $-k$ modes) with squeezing amplitude $z$, the probability is $$P(\gamma\to g)=\left(\frac{B_\perp L}{\sqrt{2}M_{\rm pl}}\right)^2\$\cosh$^2 z\left[\$\cosh$^2 r+|\$\beta$|^2\bigl(\$\cosh$ 2r+\cos(2\arg\$\beta$-\varphi)\$\sinh$ 2r\bigr)\right].$$ This reproduces the familiar vacuum-level factor $(B_\perp L/\sqrt{2}M_{\rm pl})^2$ and adds two state-dependent multipliers. Using the inflationary relation $\sinh 2z\simeq (k_c/k)^4$ with cutoff frequency $f_c\le 10^9$ Hz, the graviton multiplier supplies an enhancement of order $10^4$ at around 100 MHz. The paper further claims that conversion swaps existing photon–photon entanglement into photon–graviton entanglement and creates genuinely new entanglement between the electromagnetic and gravitational sectors, effects that are impossible in a purely classical treatment of the waves.

Load-bearing premise

The claimed boost assumes that the primordial gravitational-wave background at roughly 100 MHz is as strongly squeezed as standard inflation predicts, with a spectrum $\sinh 2z\simeq(k_c/k)^4$ and a cutoff near $10^9$ Hz; if that background is weaker or cuts off at a lower frequency, the $10^4$ enhancement disappears.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • In a standard inflationary background, photon–graviton conversion near 100 MHz is enhanced by roughly $10^4$ relative to the vacuum formula, so high-frequency graviton searches need to include the quantum state of the background rather than only its classical amplitude.
  • Existing squeezed-light technology feeds directly into the rate: 8 dB photon squeezing gives $e^{2r}\sim 6.3$ and 15 dB gives $e^{2r}\sim 40$, so laboratory-available nonclassical light raises the conversion probability.
  • The conversion transfers photon–photon entanglement onto photon–graviton correlations and also creates entanglement from separable initial states, which is forbidden in classical wave dynamics.
  • Observable entanglement or nonclassical correlations involving the graviton sector would count as evidence that gravity is quantized, providing a detection route that does not require resolving individual gravitons.
  • Because the interaction Hamiltonian is shared with graviton–magnon and graviton–phonon systems, the same state-dependent enhancement and entanglement effects apply to other proposed quantum detectors.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • By time-reversal symmetry of the same interaction, the squeezed graviton background should equally enhance graviton-to-photon conversion, which would effectively widen the frequency band over which existing photon detectors can search for gravitational waves; the paper does not develop this direction.
  • The phase factor $\cos(2\arg\beta-\varphi)$ in the photon multiplier means the conversion rate can be tuned by choosing the relative phase between the photon's displacement and its squeezing axis, a controllable experimental knob that the paper leaves implicit.
  • A near-term laboratory check is to measure quadrature or photon-number statistics before and after conversion in a strong magnetic field: the predicted $\cosh^2 z$ boost should appear as phase-sensitive noise that no classical conversion model produces, even before single gravitons are detected.
  • If a 100 MHz search returns only the unsqueezed vacuum rate, that would not test whether gravity is quantized; it would instead bound the high-frequency primordial gravitational-wave background and the assumed cutoff frequency, isolating the inflationary input from the quantum-signature claim.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. The paper studies photon–graviton conversion in the presence of a constant magnetic field at the level of second quantized fields. It starts from the linearized Einstein–Maxwell action, constructs the interaction picture Hamiltonian (3.1), and reproduces the standard Gertsenshtein conversion probability P=(B⊥L/√2Mpl)^2 for a single-photon initial state. It then generalizes the calculation to initial photon states given by one photon added to a squeezed coherent state and to graviton backgrounds described by a two-mode squeezed vacuum, as expected for inflationary primordial gravitational waves. The central formula (4.19) gives P = (B⊥L/√2Mpl)^2 cosh^2 z [cosh^2 r + |β|^2(cosh 2r + cos(2 arg β − φ) sinh 2r)]. Using the input (4.17), sinh 2z ≈ (kc/k)^4, with a cutoff fc ≤ 10^9 Hz, the authors claim an enhancement of order 10^4 at ~100 MHz. The final section sketches how conversion can swap or generate entanglement between photon and graviton modes.

Significance. The calculation is a useful step: it makes explicit that the graviton background acts as a bosonic bath, so the conversion probability is amplified by the stimulated emission factor 1+n_k = cosh^2 z, and it extends the standard wave-level treatment to squeezed/coherent states. The derivation is self-contained enough to reproduce the known vacuum result, and Eq. (4.19) is a compact analytic expression that could be used to estimate rates in specific models. The entanglement examples, though schematic, correctly illustrate that conversion is an entangling operation. The main limitations are the model-dependent input for the graviton squeezing spectrum and an internal factor-of-two inconsistency in reporting the enhancement; neither is fatal to the formalism, but both must be addressed before the headline claims can be accepted.

major comments (3)
  1. [§4.3, Eq. (4.17)] The advertised O(10^4) enhancement at 100 MHz is not a derived prediction of this paper; it is imported from Eq. (4.17), which fixes the graviton occupation number n_k=sinh^2 z_{k,P} ≈ 5000 at that frequency, together with the statement that CMB observations bound the cutoff fc ≤ 10^9 Hz. Since cosh^2 z = 1+n_k, the enhancement factor is just the bosonic stimulation factor, so the claim is exactly as strong as this assumed spectrum. The equation contains no tensor amplitude (r or H_inf/M_pl) and the CMB bound is not derived; CMB B-mode constraints probe frequencies near 10^-17 Hz, not 1 GHz. The authors should derive n(f) from a concrete inflationary model (e.g., through Ω_gw(f) and r) or explicitly present the enhancement as conditional on such a model and on the value of fc.
  2. [§4.3 and Conclusion, Eq. (4.19)] The derived formula contains the factor cosh^2 z_{k,P}, but the text and the Conclusion state that the enhancement is 'cosh 2z' and reaches O(10^4). For Eq. (4.17) with kc/k=10, cosh^2 z = (cosh 2z + 1)/2 ≈ 5000, not 10^4. Please correct this factor-of-two inconsistency and make the abstract and conclusion match Eq. (4.19).
  3. [§4.2, Eqs. (4.11)–(4.14)] The step from the full generation function e^{-iQ} in Eq. (3.4) to the reduced operator e^{-iW_P} in Eq. (4.12), and then to the matrix element in Eq. (4.14), is not shown explicitly. In particular, the reasons why the f_k^P a_P(k)b_P(−k) and f_k^{P*} a_P†(k)b_P†(−k) terms do not contribute, and the ordering of S with e^{-iW_P}, should be justified. As written, the derivation is hard to check, even though the final expression is plausible.
minor comments (5)
  1. [§4.4] The entanglement-swapping examples assume ideal unit-efficiency conversion; please state explicitly that they are schematic rather than quantitative predictions for the small-amplitude process.
  2. [§2] The text references Fig. 1, but no figure is included in the manuscript text provided; confirm that the figure is present.
  3. [Throughout] There are minor spelling errors; 'orthonomal' and 'Fourie space' should be 'orthonormal' and 'Fourier space'.
  4. [References] Ref. [23] is a closely related paper by the same group; a sentence explaining the relation to this work would help the reader.
  5. [Eq. (4.17)] The notation in Eq. (4.17) uses both sinh 2z and cosh 2z; for the values used here the difference is negligible, but the notation should be kept consistent with the enhancement factor in Eq. (4.19).

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 1.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the conversion-probability derivation is self-contained, and the advertised 10^4 enhancement inherits an externally cited inflationary squeezing input rather than reducing to a fit.

full rationale

The central result, Eq. (4.19), follows from the linearized Einstein-Maxwell interaction action (Eq. 2.10) via the interaction-picture evolution operator; no parameter in the conversion probability is fitted to the quantity being predicted. The factor cosh^2 z is the standard bosonic-stimulation factor of the graviton background, obtained by evaluating the Bogoliubov-transformed annihilation operator in a two-mode squeezed vacuum. The numerical claim of O(10^4) at 100 MHz is inherited from Eq. (4.17), sinh 2z ≃ (kc/k)^4, which is presented as the conventional inflationary result and cited to the authors' prior work [28]; this is an environmental/model input, not a restatement of the paper's own derivation, and it is externally falsifiable through the inflationary tensor spectrum. The CMB cutoff bound fc ≤ 10^9 Hz is likewise an input assumption. A separate arithmetic inconsistency exists: the text says the enhancement is cosh 2z ≃ 10^4 whereas Eq. (4.19) contains cosh^2 z, which for the same input gives roughly 5000; this is a consistency/correctness issue, not circularity. Overall, no step in the derivation is equivalent by construction to its output, so the circularity burden is low.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 5 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central derivation rests on the standard linearized Einstein-Maxwell action and the inflationary two-mode squeezed vacuum as an input. No new particles, forces, or dimensions are introduced. The main model-dependence is the assumed scaling of the squeezing amplitude with frequency.

assumptions (5)
  • standard math Linearized gravity around Minkowski spacetime with transverse-traceless gauge, and canonical quantization of graviton and photon fields (Section 2).
    The paper assumes the standard QFT treatment of linearized gravity and electromagnetism, including commutation relations (2.6) and (2.9).
  • domain assumption The interaction between gravitons and photons is given by the minimal-coupling term expanded to second order in perturbations, Eq (2.10).
    This is the standard Gertsenshtein interaction, but the paper truncates at second order and neglects higher-order gravitational self-interactions.
  • domain assumption Backreaction of the magnetic field on spacetime, plasma effects, and electron one-loop corrections are neglected (after Eq 1.3 and Section 2).
    The paper states these are ignored; the conversion probability in a real medium could differ.
  • domain assumption The primordial graviton background is a two-mode squeezed vacuum with sinh 2z_{k,P} ≈ (kc/k)^4, Eq (4.17), cited from ref [28].
    This is a model-dependent input from inflationary cosmology. The claimed enhancement of ~10^4 at 100 MHz depends on this specific scaling.
  • standard math The conversion probability is evaluated at first order in the coupling λ, with the time-ordered exponential approximated as exp(-i∫HI dt).
    The paper omits time-ordering and drops counter-rotating terms for the single-quantum transitions; this is valid for small λt but not so stated in the main derivation.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Toward graviton detection via photon-graviton quantum state conversion." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/63NRUKXZ

@misc{pith2026250701609,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Toward graviton detection via photon-graviton quantum state conversion},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/63NRUKXZ}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2507.01609}
}
read the original abstract

A magnetic field enables the interconversion of photons and gravitons, yet the process is usually analysed only at the level of classical wave equations. We revisit photon-graviton conversion in a quantum field theoretic framework, allowing us to track the evolution of arbitrary quantum states. Treating the photons as squeezed coherent states and the gravitons as the squeezed vacuum expected for primordial gravitational waves, we derive analytic expressions for the conversion probability and show that it can be significantly enhanced compared to the conventional estimate. We further demonstrate that the conversion both swaps preexisting entanglement and generates genuinely new entanglement between the electromagnetic and gravitational sectors, which is impossible in any classical description. Detecting such nonclassical correlations would constitute compelling evidence for the quantization of gravity and offers a novel pathway toward graviton detection.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2507.01609 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Three vectors k/k, e × and e + form a right-handed coordinate system. using Eqs. (2.20), (2.23) and the orthonormal condition of the polarization vector given by Eq. (2.12), we can further reduce the action as SI = iλ Z d 3 k dt h a+(k)b † +(k) + a×(k)b † ×(k) − {a † +(k)b+(k) + a † ×(k)b×(k)} +e −2ikt{a+(k)b+(−k) − a×(k)b×(−k)} − e 2ikt{a † +(k)b † +(−k) − a † ×(k)b † ×(−k)} i . (2.28) Here, we define the coupling … view at source ↗

Discussion (0). Sign in to comment.

Forward citations

Cited by 3 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Suppressed Quantum Effects of Weakly Coupled Waves

    hep-ph 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Nonclassical (quantum) signatures of weakly coupled waves are suppressed by an extra power of the tiny conversion efficiency η (~10^-21 for axions, ~10^-33 for gravitons), so experiments cannot establish the quantizat...

  2. Gravitational Wave Scattering on Magnetic Fields

    gr-qc 2025-07 accept novelty 7.0 of 10

    In a 3D treatment of the inverse Gertsenshtein effect, an isotropic unpolarized gravitational wave background scattering off a dipolar magnetic field yields partially linearly polarized radio emission, with peak inten...

  3. Enhancing photon-axion conversion probability with squeezed coherent states

    quant-ph 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Squeezed coherent states enhance photon-axion conversion only through their larger photon number, not through a quantum advantage.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

34 extracted references · 16 canonical work pages · cited by 3 Pith papers

  1. [23]

    Enhancing photon-axion conversion probability with squeezed coherent states

    Taiki Ikeda, Sugumi Kanno, and Jiro Soda. Enhancing photon-axion conversion probability with squeezed coherent states. 6 2025. arXiv:2506.14354 [quant-ph]

    work page Pith review arXiv 2025

  2. [1]

    Is a graviton detectable? Int

    Freeman Dyson. Is a graviton detectable? Int. J. Mod. Phys. A, 28:1330041, 2013

    work page 2013

  3. [2]

    The Noise of Gravitons

    Maulik Parikh, Frank Wilczek, and George Zahariade. The Noise of Gravitons. Int. J. Mod. Phys. D, 29(14):2042001, 2020. arXiv:2005.07211 [hep-th]

    arXiv 2020

  4. [3]

    Noise and decoherence induced by gravi- tons

    Sugumi Kanno, Jiro Soda, and Junsei Tokuda. Noise and decoherence induced by gravi- tons. Phys. Rev. D, 103(4):044017, 2021. arXiv:2007.09838 [hep-th]

    arXiv 2021

  5. [4]

    Quantum Mechanics of Gravita- tional Waves

    Maulik Parikh, Frank Wilczek, and George Zahariade. Quantum Mechanics of Gravita- tional Waves. Phys. Rev. Lett., 127(8):081602, 2021. arXiv:2010.08205 [hep-th]

    arXiv 2021

  6. [5]

    Signatures of the quantiza- tion of gravity at gravitational wave detectors

    Maulik Parikh, Frank Wilczek, and George Zahariade. Signatures of the quantiza- tion of gravity at gravitational wave detectors. Phys. Rev. D, 104(4):046021, 2021. arXiv:2010.08208 [hep-th]

    arXiv 2021

  7. [6]

    Indirect detection of gravitons through quantum entanglement

    Sugumi Kanno, Jiro Soda, and Junsei Tokuda. Indirect detection of gravitons through quantum entanglement. Phys. Rev. D, 104(8):083516, 2021. arXiv:2103.17053 [gr-qc]. 16

    arXiv 2021

  8. [7]

    Probing GHz gravi- tational waves with graviton–magnon resonance

    Asuka Ito, Tomonori Ikeda, Kentaro Miuchi, and Jiro Soda. Probing GHz gravi- tational waves with graviton–magnon resonance. Eur. Phys. J. C , 80(3):179, 2020. arXiv:1903.04843 [gr-qc]

    arXiv 2020

Show all 34 references
  1. [8]

    A formalism for magnon gravitational wave detectors

    Asuka Ito and Jiro Soda. A formalism for magnon gravitational wave detectors. Eur. Phys. J. C, 80(6):545, 2020. arXiv:2004.04646 [gr-qc]

    2020 arXiv

  2. [9]

    Exploring high-frequency gravitational waves with magnons

    Asuka Ito and Jiro Soda. Exploring high-frequency gravitational waves with magnons. Eur. Phys. J. C, 83(8):766, 2023. arXiv:2212.04094 [gr-qc]

    2023 arXiv

  3. [10]

    Upper limits on the amplitude of ultra-high-frequency gravitational waves from graviton to photon conversion

    Aldo Ejlli, Damian Ejlli, Adrian Mike Cruise, Giampaolo Pisano, and Hartmut Grote. Upper limits on the amplitude of ultra-high-frequency gravitational waves from graviton to photon conversion. Eur. Phys. J. C, 79(12):1032, 2019. arXiv:1908.00232 [gr-qc]

    2019 arXiv

  4. [11]

    Asher Berlin, Diego Blas, Raffaele Tito D’Agnolo, Sebastian A. R. Ellis, Roni Harnik, Yonatan Kahn, and Jan Sch¨ utte-Engel. Detecting high-frequency gravitational waves with microwave cavities. Phys. Rev. D, 105(11):116011, 2022. arXiv:2112.11465 [hep-ph]

    2022 arXiv

  5. [12]

    Valerie Domcke, Camilo Garcia-Cely, and Nicholas L. Rodd. Novel Search for High- Frequency Gravitational Waves with Low-Mass Axion Haloscopes. Phys. Rev. Lett., 129(4):041101, 2022. arXiv:2202.00695 [hep-ph]

    2022 arXiv

  6. [13]

    Search for high-frequency gravitational waves with Rydberg atoms

    Sugumi Kanno, Jiro Soda, and Akira Taniguchi. Search for high-frequency gravitational waves with Rydberg atoms. Eur. Phys. J. C, 85(1):31, 2025. arXiv:2311.03890 [gr-qc]

    2025 arXiv

  7. [14]

    Detecting kHz gravitons from a neutron star merger with a multi-mode resonant mass detector

    Germain Tobar, Igor Pikovski, and Michael Edmund Tobar. Detecting kHz gravitons from a neutron star merger with a multi-mode resonant mass detector. Class. Quant. Grav., 42(5):055017, 2025. arXiv:2406.16898 [astro-ph.IM]

    2025 arXiv

  8. [15]

    Gertsenshtein

    M.E. Gertsenshtein. Wave Resonance of Light and Gravitational Waves. J.Exp.Theor.Phys., 14:84, 1962

    1962

  9. [16]

    Mixing of the Photon with Low Mass Particles

    Georg Raffelt and Leo Stodolsky. Mixing of the Photon with Low Mass Particles. Phys. Rev. D, 37:1237, 1988

    1988

  10. [17]

    Resonant photon - graviton conversion and cosmic microwave background fluctuations

    Pisin Chen. Resonant photon - graviton conversion and cosmic microwave background fluctuations. Phys. Rev. Lett., 74:634–637, 1995. [Erratum: Phys.Rev.Lett. 74, 3091 (1995)]. 17

    1995

  11. [18]

    Cillis and Diego D

    Analia N. Cillis and Diego D. Harari. Photon - graviton conversion in a primordial magnetic field and the cosmic microwave background.Phys. Rev. D, 54:4757–4759, 1996. arXiv:astro- ph/9609200]

    1996

  12. [19]

    Conversion of Gravitons into Dark Photons in Cosmological Dark Magnetic Fields

    Emi Masaki and Jiro Soda. Conversion of Gravitons into Dark Photons in Cosmological Dark Magnetic Fields. Phys. Rev. D, 98(2):023540, 2018. arXiv:1804.00458 [astro-ph.CO]

    2018 arXiv

  13. [20]

    C. L. Degen, F. Reinhard, and P. Cappellaro. Quantum sensing. Rev. Mod. Phys., 89:035002, Jul 2017

    2017

  14. [21]

    Daniel Carney, Valerie Domcke, and Nicholas L. Rodd. Graviton detection and the quan- tization of gravity. Phys. Rev. D, 109(4):044009, 2024. arXiv:2308.12988 [hep-th]

    2024 arXiv

  15. [22]

    Kharzeev, Azadeh Maleknejad, and Saba Shalamberidze

    Dmitri E. Kharzeev, Azadeh Maleknejad, and Saba Shalamberidze. QuGrav: Bringing gravitational waves to light with Qumodes. 6 2025. arXiv:2506.09459 [gr-qc]

    2025

  16. [24]

    Over-8-dB squeezed light generation by a broadband waveguide optical parametric amplifier toward fault-tolerant ultra-fast quantum computers

    Takahiro Kashiwazaki, Taichi Yamashima, Koji Enbutsu, Takushi Kazama, Asuka In- oue, Kosuke Fukui, Mamoru Endo, Takeshi Umeki, and Akira Furusawa. Over-8-dB squeezed light generation by a broadband waveguide optical parametric amplifier toward fault-tolerant ultra-fast quantum...

    2023

  17. [25]

    Detection of 15 db squeezed states of light and their application for the absolute calibration of photoelectric quantum efficiency

    Henning Vahlbruch, Moritz Mehmet, Karsten Danzmann, and Roman Schnabel. Detection of 15 db squeezed states of light and their application for the absolute calibration of photoelectric quantum efficiency. Phys. Rev. Lett., 117:110801, Sep 2016

    2016

  18. [26]

    L. P. Grishchuk and Yu. V. Sidorov. On the Quantum State of Relic Gravitons. Class. Quant. Grav., 6:L161–L165, 1989

    1989

  19. [27]

    L. P. Grishchuk and Yu. V. Sidorov. Squeezed quantum states of relic gravitons and primordial density fluctuations. Phys. Rev. D, 42:3413–3421, 1990

    1990

  20. [28]

    Detecting nonclassical primordial gravitational waves with Hanbury-Brown–Twiss interferometry

    Sugumi Kanno and Jiro Soda. Detecting nonclassical primordial gravitational waves with Hanbury-Brown–Twiss interferometry. Phys. Rev. D, 99(8):084010, 2019. 18

    2019

  21. [29]

    J. S. Bell. On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox. Physics Physique Fizika, 1:195–200, 1964

    1964

  22. [30]

    Quantum entanglement

    Ryszard Horodecki, Pawel Horodecki, Michal Horodecki, and Karol Horodecki. Quantum entanglement. Rev. Mod. Phys., 81:865–942, 2009

    2009

  23. [31]

    Squeezed quantum states of graviton and axion in the universe

    Sugumi Kanno and Jiro Soda. Squeezed quantum states of graviton and axion in the universe. Int. J. Mod. Phys. D, 31(13):2250098, 2022. arXiv:2112.14496 [gr-qc]

    2022 arXiv

  24. [32]

    Conversion of squeezed gravitons into photons during inflation

    Sugumi Kanno, Jiro Soda, and Kazushige Ueda. Conversion of squeezed gravitons into photons during inflation. Phys. Rev. D, 106(8):083508, 2022. arXiv:2207.05734 [hep-th]

    2022 arXiv

  25. [33]

    Impact of quantum en- tanglement induced by magnetic fields on primordial gravitational waves

    Sugumi Kanno, Ann Mukuno, Jiro Soda, and Kazushige Ueda. Impact of quantum en- tanglement induced by magnetic fields on primordial gravitational waves. Phys. Rev. D, 107(6):063503, 2023. arXiv:2211.05576 [hep-th]

    2023 arXiv

  26. [34]

    A peak in the power spectrum of primordial gravitational waves induced by primordial dark magnetic fields

    Sugumi Kanno, Ann Mukuno, Jiro Soda, and Kazushige Ueda. A peak in the power spectrum of primordial gravitational waves induced by primordial dark magnetic fields. JCAP, 05:052, 2023. arXiv:2301.13540 [hep-th]. 19

    2023 arXiv

Pith tools

Reviewed August 6, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.