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Dynamic Chunking for End-to-End Hierarchical Sequence Modeling

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arxiv 2507.07955 v2 pith:GWW2LNLU submitted 2025-07-10 cs.LG

Dynamic Chunking for End-to-End Hierarchical Sequence Modeling

classification cs.LG
keywords modelsdataend-to-endchunkingh-nethierarchicallearnmodel
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Major progress on language models (LMs) in recent years has largely resulted from moving away from specialized models designed for specific tasks, to general models based on powerful architectures (e.g. the Transformer) that learn everything from raw data. Despite this trend, pre-processing steps such as tokenization remain a barrier to true end-to-end foundation models. We introduce a collection of new techniques that enable a dynamic chunking mechanism which automatically learns content- and context- dependent segmentation strategies learned jointly with the rest of the model. Incorporating this into an explicit hierarchical network (H-Net) allows replacing the (implicitly hierarchical) tokenization-LM-detokenization pipeline with a single model learned fully end-to-end. When compute- and data- matched, an H-Net with one stage of hierarchy operating at the byte level outperforms a strong Transformer language model operating over BPE tokens. Iterating the hierarchy to multiple stages further increases its performance by modeling multiple levels of abstraction, demonstrating significantly better scaling with data and matching the token-based Transformer of twice its size. H-Nets pretrained on English show significantly increased character-level robustness, and qualitatively learn meaningful data-dependent chunking strategies without any heuristics or explicit supervision. Finally, the H-Net's improvement over tokenized pipelines is further increased in languages and modalities with weaker tokenization heuristics, such as Chinese and code, or DNA sequences (nearly 4x improvement in data efficiency over baselines), showing the potential of true end-to-end models that learn and scale better from unprocessed data.

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Forward citations

Cited by 17 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. SUNTA: Hierarchical Video Prediction with Surprise-based Chunking

    cs.AI 2026-07 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    SUNTA uses surprise-driven chunk boundaries and decoupled training in hierarchical state-space models to sustain accurate video predictions over 250 timesteps where baselines fail after 10.

  2. MultiHashFormer: Hash-based Generative Language Models

    cs.CL 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    MultiHashFormer enables hash-based autoregression in LMs by encoding tokens as multi-hash signatures, outperforming standard Transformers at 100M-3B scales while keeping parameter count constant for multilingual expansion.

  3. Neural Field Tokenizations with Hierarchy and Spatial Locality Priors

    cs.LG 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    LH-NeF learns tokenized neural-field representations via a locality-preserving hierarchical encoder, achieving 42× lower memory and 133× larger batches than modality-agnostic meta-learning baselines while matching or ...

  4. Scratchpad Patching: Decoupling Compute from Patch Size in Byte-Level Language Models

    cs.CL 2026-05 conditional novelty 7.0

    Scratchpad Patching decouples compute from patch size in byte-level language models by inserting entropy-triggered scratchpads to update patch context dynamically.

  5. DC-DiT: Adaptive Compute and Elastic Inference for Visual Generation via Dynamic Chunking

    cs.CV 2026-03 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    DC-DiT learns dynamic chunking to allocate fewer tokens to smooth or noisy regions and more to detailed or late-stage areas, cutting inference FLOPs up to 36.8% while improving FID up to 37.8% on class-conditional Ima...

  6. Where to cut, how deep: BPE and Unigram-LM on chemistry SMILES

    cs.CL 2026-07 accept novelty 6.5

    On chemistry SMILES with a fixed 165-token base, BPE and Unigram-LM produce near-disjoint vocabularies (Jaccard ≤0.161) and Unigram-LM emits 29–41% more tokens across 22 matched conditions.

  7. SUNTA: Hierarchical Video Prediction with Surprise-based Chunking

    cs.AI 2026-07 accept novelty 6.5

    Decoupled surprise-based hierarchical state-space models with top-down inconsistency chunking sustain accurate 250-step open-loop video prediction where prior HSSMs collapse within 10 steps.

  8. Elastic Time: Dynamic Frame Rate Bottlenecks for Neural Audio Coding

    cs.SD 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Elastic Time adds a learned latent predictor to enable dynamic frame rates in fixed-rate neural audio autoencoders, allowing skipped frames to be reconstructed and improving efficiency-quality tradeoffs at deployment time.

  9. LDARNet: DNA Adaptive Representation Network with Learnable Tokenization for Genomic Modeling

    cs.CL 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    LDARNet learns adaptive token boundaries via dynamic chunking in a genomic foundation model and reports gains on histone modification tasks over larger models.

  10. Efficient Pre-Training with Token Superposition

    cs.CL 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Token superposition in an initial training phase followed by recovery allows large language models to reach target loss with substantially less total compute.

  11. Training Transformers for KV Cache Compressibility

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    KV compressibility is a property of learned transformer representations that can be improved by training with KV sparsification, leading to better quality-budget tradeoffs in downstream compression for retrieval, QA, ...

  12. Training Transformers for KV Cache Compressibility

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Training transformers with KV sparsification during continued pretraining produces representations that admit better post-hoc KV cache compression, improving quality under memory budgets for long-context tasks.

  13. Decoupling the Benefits of Subword Tokenization for Language Model Training via Byte-level Simulation

    cs.CL 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Byte-level simulations show subword tokenization improves LLM training mainly via increased throughput and boundary priors.

  14. Echoes Over Time: Unlocking Length Generalization in Video-to-Audio Generation Models

    cs.CV 2026-02 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    MMHNet enables video-to-audio models trained on short clips to generalize and generate audio for videos over 5 minutes long.

  15. The Efficiency Gap in Byte Modeling

    cs.LG 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    Byte modeling incurs greater scaling overhead for masked diffusion than autoregressive models because the diffusion objective destroys local byte contiguity needed to resolve semantics.

  16. Efficient Pre-Training with Token Superposition

    cs.CL 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    Token-Superposition Training combines multiple tokens into bags for multi-hot cross-entropy pre-training followed by a recovery phase, yielding up to 2.5x reduction in training time at 10B scale under equal-loss conditions.

  17. Decoupling the Benefits of Subword Tokenization for Language Model Training via Byte-level Simulation

    cs.CL 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    Subword tokenization's main benefits arise from higher sample throughput and the use of subword boundaries as explicit priors or inductive biases, isolated via controlled byte-level simulations.