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arxiv: 2508.15891 · v2 · submitted 2025-08-21 · ✦ hep-ph · astro-ph.HE· hep-th

Constraining light dark matter in vector-scalar portals with COSI and AMEGO-X

Ma\'ira Dutra , Clarissa Siqueira , Tonia M. Venters This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-18 21:31 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph astro-ph.HEhep-th
keywords dark mattergamma raysCOSIAMEGO-Xvector portalsub-GeV DMlight dark matter
0
0 comments X p. Extension

The pith

COSI can set leading constraints on sub-GeV dark matter in vector-scalar portal models beyond CMB limits.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper explores how the Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI) and the All-sky Medium Energy Gamma-ray Observatory eXplorer (AMEGO-X) can detect gamma-ray signals from sub-GeV fermionic dark matter in models where a new gauge boson and the dark matter mass come from a singlet scalar. These models naturally produce particles at the MeV scale, resulting in gamma-ray lines or continuous spectra that match the energy range and resolution of these instruments. The analysis shows that COSI could provide stronger limits than existing cosmic microwave background constraints in some parts of the parameter space for both B-L and axial vector boson cases. AMEGO-X is projected to cover most of the remaining viable space for signals that produce continua rather than sharp lines. This demonstrates a new way to test light dark matter scenarios using future gamma-ray data.

Core claim

In the vector-scalar portal model, a fermionic dark matter particle with mass below one GeV is charged under a new U(1) symmetry, and both the dark matter and the new vector boson Z' acquire mass through a singlet scalar field. This setup leads to dark matter annihilation or decay producing gamma-ray lines or continua at MeV energies. Sensitivity estimates indicate that COSI will provide leading constraints in regions of parameter space beyond strong CMB limits, while AMEGO-X can probe most of the viable parameter space for continuum gamma rays.

What carries the argument

The vector-scalar portal with a fermionic DM candidate and singlet scalar for mass generation, which yields MeV-scale gamma-ray signatures from DM interactions.

Load-bearing premise

The model produces gamma-ray lines or continua at MeV energies that are within the detection capabilities and resolution of COSI and AMEGO-X.

What would settle it

A lack of detected gamma-ray signals or lines in the MeV range by COSI in the predicted parameter regions would indicate that the dark matter constraints are not as strong as estimated or that the model does not produce the expected signals.

read the original abstract

Detecting gamma-ray signals that could be due to dark matter (DM) particles would give us invaluable information about the nature of DM. In particular, gamma-ray lines could provide a way to measure the DM mass. The excellent energy resolution of the upcoming Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI) will allow us to probe underexplored regions of the DM parameter space while being sensitive to distinctive spectral features of potential DM signals. In this work, we consider a fermionic sub-GeV DM charged under a new U(1) gauge symmetry. Both the DM and the new gauge boson $Z'$ acquire mass from a new singlet scalar. The masses of the new particles in this class of vector-scalar portal models are naturally at the MeV scale, enabling detectable gamma-ray lines in the bandpasses of COSI and proposed missions such as the All-sky Medium Energy Gamma-ray Observatory eXplorer (AMEGO-X). We estimate the sensitivities of COSI and AMEGO-X to sub-GeV DM in this context, considering a B-L and a purely axial $Z'$ as benchmark examples. We find regions of the parameter space where COSI will provide leading constraints, beyond the strong CMB limits. On the other hand, AMEGO-X would probe most of the viable parameter space leading to continuum gamma rays. The implementation of our generic vector-scalar portal model in the Hazma toolkit is available at GitHub.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper examines constraints on sub-GeV fermionic dark matter charged under a new U(1) in vector-scalar portal models, where both DM and the Z' acquire mass from a singlet scalar. It computes gamma-ray line and continuum signals from DM annihilation in the MeV band, projects the reach of COSI and AMEGO-X, and identifies regions where COSI sensitivities exceed existing CMB bounds for benchmark B-L and axial-vector cases. The Hazma implementation is made public.

Significance. If the projections are robust, the work demonstrates that upcoming MeV gamma-ray missions can access viable light-DM parameter space beyond CMB limits, with distinctive spectral features providing additional diagnostic power. The open-source Hazma module is a clear strength for reproducibility.

major comments (1)
  1. [§4] §4 (or equivalent signal-calculation section): the projected COSI leading regions are computed with a single galactic DM density profile (standard NFW). Because the J-factor ∫ρ_DM² dl dΩ varies by factors of 5–10 between cored isothermal, contracted, or Einasto profiles, the regions where COSI exceeds CMB limits can shrink or disappear once profile uncertainty is included; a robustness plot or envelope is required to support the central claim.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract and §5: the statement that COSI provides 'leading constraints beyond the strong CMB limits' should be accompanied by the specific mass-coupling window in which this occurs.
  2. [§2] Notation for the portal couplings and the singlet scalar vev should be defined once in §2 and used consistently thereafter.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading and constructive feedback. We address the single major comment below and will revise the manuscript to strengthen the robustness of our projected sensitivities.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: §4 (or equivalent signal-calculation section): the projected COSI leading regions are computed with a single galactic DM density profile (standard NFW). Because the J-factor ∫ρ_DM² dl dΩ varies by factors of 5–10 between cored isothermal, contracted, or Einasto profiles, the regions where COSI exceeds CMB limits can shrink or disappear once profile uncertainty is included; a robustness plot or envelope is required to support the central claim.

    Authors: We thank the referee for highlighting this important consideration. The original analysis adopted the standard NFW profile, which is the conventional choice for MeV-scale gamma-ray forecasts in the literature. We agree that J-factor variations across profiles (cored isothermal, Einasto, contracted NFW) can reach factors of 5–10 and may affect the precise boundaries of the regions where COSI exceeds CMB limits. To address this and support the central claim, we will add a robustness subsection and accompanying figure in the revised §4. This will display the COSI sensitivity curves for the alternative profiles and an envelope of the parameter space in which COSI remains leading over CMB constraints across the profile range. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: forward projections from instrument specs and standard astrophysics

full rationale

The paper computes projected sensitivities of COSI and AMEGO-X to gamma-ray signals from sub-GeV fermionic DM annihilation in vector-scalar portal models. Fluxes are obtained via the external Hazma toolkit using standard NFW or similar profiles and annihilation spectra; sensitivities are folded with published instrument response functions. No parameter is fitted to existing data and then re-labeled as a prediction, no self-definitional loop equates an output to its input, and load-bearing steps rely on external CMB bounds and instrument characterizations rather than prior author results that presuppose the target claim. The derivation chain is therefore self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The paper rests on standard assumptions of the vector-scalar portal framework and on projected instrument responses; no new free parameters or invented entities are introduced beyond those already common in the literature. Because only the abstract is available, the ledger is necessarily incomplete.

free parameters (1)
  • DM mass and portal couplings
    Masses and coupling strengths are scanned to delineate the regions where COSI or AMEGO-X would set leading bounds.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Fermionic sub-GeV DM charged under new U(1) acquires mass from singlet scalar together with the Z prime.
    This is the explicit model class adopted for the sensitivity study.

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discussion (0)

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