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arxiv: 2508.18080 · v2 · submitted 2025-08-25 · 🌀 gr-qc · astro-ph.HE

Recognition: no theorem link

GWTC-4.0: An Introduction to Version 4.0 of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration , the Virgo Collaboration , the KAGRA Collaboration: A. G. Abac , I. Abouelfettouh , F. Acernese , K. Ackley , S. Adhicary , D. Adhikari
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N. Adhikari R. X. Adhikari V. K. Adkins S. Afroz D. Agarwal M. Agathos M. Aghaei Abchouyeh O. D. Aguiar S. Ahmadzadeh L. Aiello A. Ain P. Ajith S. Akcay T. Akutsu S. Albanesi R. A. Alfaidi A. Al-Jodah C. All\'en\'e A. Allocca S. Al-Shammari P. A. Altin S. Alvarez-Lopez O. Amarasinghe A. Amato C. Amra A. Ananyeva S. B. Anderson W. G. Anderson M. Andia M. Ando T. Andrade M. Andr\'es-Carcasona T. Andri\'c J. Anglin S. Ansoldi J. M. Antelis S. Antier M. Aoumi E. Z. Appavuravther S. Appert S. K. Apple K. Arai A. Araya M. C. Araya M. Arca Sedda J. S. Areeda L. Argianas N. Aritomi F. Armato S. Armstrong N. Arnaud M. Arogeti S. M. Aronson G. Ashton Y. Aso M. Assiduo S. Assis de Souza Melo S. M. Aston P. Astone F. Attadio F. Aubin K. AultONeal G. Avallone S. Babak F. Badaracco C. Badger S. Bae S. Bagnasco E. Bagui L. Baiotti R. Bajpai T. Baka T. Baker M. Ball G. Ballardin S. W. Ballmer S. Banagiri B. Banerjee D. Bankar T. M. Baptiste P. Baral J. C. Barayoga B. C. Barish D. Barker N. Barman P. Barneo F. Barone B. Barr L. Barsotti M. Barsuglia D. Barta A. M. Bartoletti M. A. Barton I. Bartos S. Basak A. Basalaev R. Bassiri A. Basti D. E. Bates M. Bawaj P. Baxi J. C. Bayley A. C. Baylor P. A. Baynard II M. Bazzan V. M. Bedakihale F. Beirnaert M. Bejger D. Belardinelli A. S. Bell D. S. Bellie L. Bellizzi W. Benoit I. Bentara J. D. Bentley M. Ben Yaala S. Bera F. Bergamin B. K. Berger S. Bernuzzi M. Beroiz C. P. L. Berry D. Bersanetti A. Bertolini J. Betzwieser D. Beveridge G. Bevilacqua N. Bevins R. Bhandare S. A. Bhat R. Bhatt D. Bhattacharjee S. Bhaumik S. Bhowmick V. Biancalana A. Bianchi I. A. Bilenko G. Billingsley A. Binetti S. Bini C. Binu O. Birnholtz S. Biscoveanu A. Bisht M. Bitossi M.-A. Bizouard S. Blaber J. K. Blackburn L. A. Blagg C. D. Blair D. G. Blair F. Bobba N. Bode G. Boileau M. Boldrini G. N. Bolingbroke A. Bolliand L. D. Bonavena R. Bondarescu F. Bondu E. Bonilla M. S. Bonilla A. Bonino R. Bonnand P. Booker A. Borchers S. Borhanian V. Boschi S. Bose V. Bossilkov A. Boudon A. Bozzi C. Bradaschia P. R. Brady A. Branch M. Branchesi I. Braun T. Briant A. Brillet M. Brinkmann P. Brockill E. Brockmueller A. F. Brooks B. C. Brown D. D. Brown M. L. Brozzetti S. Brunett G. Bruno R. Bruntz J. Bryant Y. Bu F. Bucci J. Buchanan O. Bulashenko T. Bulik H. J. Bulten A. Buonanno K. Burtnyk R. Buscicchio D. Buskulic C. Buy R. L. Byer G. S. Cabourn Davies G. Cabras R. Cabrita V. C\'aceres-Barbosa L. Cadonati G. Cagnoli C. Cahillane A. Calafat J. Calder\'on Bustillo T. A. Callister E. Calloni M. Canepa G. Caneva Santoro K. C. Cannon H. Cao L. A. Capistran E. Capocasa E. Capote G. Capurri G. Carapella F. Carbognani M. Carlassara J. B. Carlin T. K. Carlson M. F. Carney M. Carpinelli G. Carrillo J. J. Carter G. Carullo J. Casanueva Diaz C. Casentini S. Y. Castro-Lucas S. Caudill M. Cavagli\`a R. Cavalieri G. Cella P. Cerd\'a-Dur\'an E. Cesarini W. Chaibi P. Chakraborty S. Chakraborty S. Chalathadka Subrahmanya J. C. L. Chan M. Chan R.-J. Chang S. Chao E. L. Charlton P. Charlton E. Chassande-Mottin C. Chatterjee Debarati Chatterjee Deep Chatterjee M. Chaturvedi S. Chaty K. Chatziioannou C. Checchia A. Chen A. H.-Y. Chen D. Chen H. Chen H. Y. Chen S. Chen Y. Chen Yanbei Chen Yitian Chen H. P. Cheng P. Chessa H. T. Cheung S. Y. Cheung F. Chiadini G. Chiarini R. Chierici A. Chincarini M. L. Chiofalo A. Chiummo C. Chou S. Choudhary N. Christensen S. S. Y. Chua P. Chugh G. Ciani P. Ciecielag M. Cie\'slar M. Cifaldi R. Ciolfi F. Clara J. A. Clark J. Clarke T. A. Clarke P. Clearwater S. Clesse S. M. Clyne E. Coccia E. Codazzo P.-F. Cohadon S. Colace E. Colangeli M. Colleoni C. G. Collette J. Collins S. Colloms A. Colombo C. M. Compton G. Connolly L. Conti T. R. Corbitt I. Cordero-Carri\'on S. Corezzi N. J. Cornish A. Corsi S. Cortese R. Cottingham M. W. Coughlin A. Couineaux J.-P. Coulon J.-F. Coupechoux P. Couvares D. M. Coward R. Coyne K. Craig J. D. E. Creighton T. D. Creighton P. Cremonese A. W. Criswell S. Crook R. Crouch J. Csizmazia J. R. Cudell T. J. Cullen A. Cumming E. Cuoco M. Cusinato P. Dabadie L. V. Da Concei\c{c}\~ao T. Dal Canton S. Dall'Osso S. Dal Pra G. D\'alya B. D'Angelo S. Danilishin S. D'Antonio K. Danzmann K. E. Darroch L. P. Dartez A. Dasgupta S. Datta V. Dattilo A. Daumas N. Davari I. Dave A. Davenport M. Davier T. F. Davies D. Davis L. Davis M. C. Davis P. Davis M. Dax J. De Bolle M. Deenadayalan J. Degallaix U. Deka M. De Laurentis S. Del\'eglise F. De Lillo D. Dell'Aquila F. Della Valle W. Del Pozzo F. De Marco G. Demasi F. De Matteis V. D'Emilio N. Demos A. Depasse N. DePergola R. De Pietri R. De Rosa C. De Rossi M. Desai R. DeSalvo A. DeSimone R. De Simone A. Dhani R. Diab M. C. D\'iaz M. Di Cesare G. Dideron N. A. Didio T. Dietrich L. Di Fiore C. Di Fronzo M. Di Giovanni T. Di Girolamo D. Diksha A. Di Michele J. Ding S. Di Pace I. Di Palma F. Di Renzo Divyajyoti A. Dmitriev Z. Doctor N. Doerksen E. Dohmen D. Dominguez L. D'Onofrio F. Donovan K. L. Dooley T. Dooney S. Doravari O. Dorosh M. Drago J. C. Driggers J.-G. Ducoin L. Dunn U. Dupletsa D. D'Urso H. Duval S. E. Dwyer C. Eassa M. Ebersold T. Eckhardt G. Eddolls B. Edelman T. B. Edo O. Edy A. Effler J. Eichholz H. Einsle M. Eisenmann R. A. Eisenstein A. Ejlli M. Emma K. Endo R. Enficiaud A. J. Engl L. Errico R. Espinosa M. Esposito R. C. Essick H. Estell\'es T. Etzel M. Evans T. Evstafyeva B. E. Ewing J. M. Ezquiaga F. Fabrizi F. Faedi V. Fafone S. Fairhurst A. M. Farah B. Farr W. M. Farr G. Favaro M. Favata M. Fays M. Fazio J. Feicht M. M. Fejer R. Felicetti E. Fenyvesi D. L. Ferguson T. Fernandes D. Fernando S. Ferraiuolo I. Ferrante T. A. Ferreira F. Fidecaro P. Figura A. Fiori I. Fiori M. Fishbach R. P. Fisher R. Fittipaldi V. Fiumara R. Flaminio S. M. Fleischer L. S. Fleming E. Floden H. Fong J. A. Font C. Foo B. Fornal P. W. F. Forsyth K. Franceschetti N. Franchini S. Frasca F. Frasconi A. Frattale Mascioli Z. Frei A. Freise O. Freitas R. Frey W. Frischhertz P. Fritschel V. V. Frolov G. G. Fronz\'e M. Fuentes-Garcia S. Fujii T. Fujimori P. Fulda M. Fyffe B. Gadre J. R. Gair S. Galaudage V. Galdi H. Gallagher B. Gallego R. Gamba A. Gamboa D. Ganapathy A. Ganguly B. Garaventa J. Garc\'ia-Bellido C. Garc\'ia N\'u\~nez C. Garc\'ia-Quir\'os J. W. Gardner K. A. Gardner J. Gargiulo A. Garron F. Garufi P. A. Garver C. Gasbarra B. Gateley F. Gautier V. Gayathri T. Gayer G. Gemme A. Gennai V. Gennari J. George R. George O. Gerberding L. Gergely Archisman Ghosh Sayantan Ghosh Shaon Ghosh Shrobana Ghosh Suprovo Ghosh Tathagata Ghosh J. A. Giaime K. D. Giardina D. R. Gibson D. T. Gibson C. Gier S. Gkaitatzis J. Glanzer F. Glotin J. Godfrey P. Godwin A. S. Goettel E. Goetz J. Golomb S. Gomez Lopez B. Goncharov Y. Gong G. Gonz\'alez P. Goodarzi S. Goode A. W. Goodwin-Jones M. Gosselin R. Gouaty D. W. Gould K. Govorkova S. Goyal B. Grace A. Grado V. Graham A. E. Granados M. Granata V. Granata S. Gras P. Grassia A. Gray C. Gray R. Gray G. Greco A. C. Green S. M. Green S. R. Green A. M. Gretarsson E. M. Gretarsson D. Griffith W. L. Griffiths H. L. Griggs G. Grignani C. Grimaud H. Grote S. Grunewald D. Guerra D. Guetta G. M. Guidi A. R. Guimaraes H. K. Gulati F. Gulminelli A. M. Gunny H. Guo W. Guo Y. Guo Anchal Gupta Anuradha Gupta I. Gupta N. C. Gupta P. Gupta S. K. Gupta T. Gupta V. Gupta N. Gupte J. Gurs N. Gutierrez F. Guzman D. Haba M. Haberland S. Haino E. D. Hall R. Hamburg E. Z. Hamilton G. Hammond W.-B. Han M. Haney J. Hanks C. Hanna M. D. Hannam O. A. Hannuksela A. G. Hanselman H. Hansen J. Hanson R. Harada A. R. Hardison S. Harikumar K. Haris T. Harmark J. Harms G. M. Harry I. W. Harry J. Hart B. Haskell C.-J. Haster K. Haughian H. Hayakawa K. Hayama R. Hayes M. C. Heintze J. Heinze J. Heinzel H. Heitmann A. Heffernan F. Hellman A. F. Helmling-Cornell G. Hemming O. Henderson-Sapir M. Hendry I. S. Heng M. H. Hennig C. Henshaw M. Heurs A. L. Hewitt J. Heyns S. Higginbotham S. Hild S. Hill Y. Himemoto N. Hirata C. Hirose S. Hochheim D. Hofman N. A. Holland D. E. Holz L. Honet C. Hong S. Hoshino J. Hough S. Hourihane N. T. Howard E. J. Howell C. G. Hoy C. A. Hrishikesh H.-F. Hsieh H.-Y. Hsieh C. Hsiung W.-F. Hsu Q. Hu H. Y. Huang Y. Huang Y. T. Huang A. D. Huddart B. Hughey D. C. Y. Hui V. Hui S. Husa R. Huxford L. Iampieri G. A. Iandolo M. Ianni A. Ierardi A. Iess H. Imafuku K. Inayoshi Y. Inoue G. Iorio P. Iosif M. H. Iqbal J. Irwin R. Ishikawa M. Isi Y. Itoh H. Iwanaga M. Iwaya B. R. Iyer C. Jacquet P.-E. Jacquet S. J. Jadhav S. P. Jadhav T. Jain A. L. James P. A. James R. Jamshidi A. Jan K. Jani J. Janquart K. Janssens N. N. Janthalur S. Jaraba P. Jaranowski R. Jaume W. Javed A. Jennings W. Jia J. Jiang S. J. Jin C. Johanson G. R. Johns N. A. Johnson N. K. Johnson-McDaniel M. C. Johnston R. Johnston N. Johny D. H. Jones D. I. Jones E. J. Jones R. Jones S. Jose P. Joshi S. K. Joshi J. Ju L. Ju K. Jung J. Junker V. Juste H. B. Kabagoz T. Kajita I. Kaku V. Kalogera M. Kalomenopoulos M. Kamiizumi N. Kanda S. Kandhasamy G. Kang N. C. Kannachel J. B. Kanner S. J. Kapadia D. P. Kapasi S. Karat R. Kashyap M. Kasprzack W. Kastaun T. Kato E. Katsavounidis W. Katzman R. Kaushik K. Kawabe R. Kawamoto A. Kazemi D. Keitel J. Kennington R. Kesharwani J. S. Key R. Khadela S. Khadka F. Y. Khalili F. Khan I. Khan T. Khanam M. Khursheed N. M. Khusid W. Kiendrebeogo N. Kijbunchoo C. Kim J. C. Kim K. Kim M. H. Kim S. Kim Y.-M. Kim C. Kimball M. Kinley-Hanlon M. Kinnear J. S. Kissel S. Klimenko A. M. Knee N. Knust K. Kobayashi P. Koch S. M. Koehlenbeck G. Koekoek K. Kohri K. Kokeyama S. Koley P. Kolitsidou K. Komori A. K. H. Kong A. Kontos M. Korobko R. V. Kossak X. Kou A. Koushik N. Kouvatsos M. Kovalam D. B. Kozak S. L. Kranzhoff V. Kringel N. V. Krishnendu A. Kr\'olak K. Kruska J. Kubisz G. Kuehn S. Kulkarni A. Kulur Ramamohan A. Kumar Praveen Kumar Prayush Kumar Rahul Kumar Rakesh Kumar J. Kume K. Kuns N. Kuntimaddi S. Kuroyanagi S. Kuwahara K. Kwak K. Kwan J. Kwok G. Lacaille P. Lagabbe D. Laghi S. Lai E. Lalande M. Lalleman P. C. Lalremruati M. Landry B. B. Lane R. N. Lang J. Lange R. Langgin B. Lantz A. La Rana I. La Rosa J. Larsen A. Lartaux-Vollard P. D. Lasky J. Lawrence M. N. Lawrence M. Laxen C. Lazarte A. Lazzarini C. Lazzaro P. Leaci L. Leali Y. K. Lecoeuche H. M. Lee H. W. Lee J. Lee K. Lee R.-K. Lee R. Lee Sungho Lee Sunjae Lee Y. Lee I. N. Legred J. Lehmann L. Lehner M. Le Jean A. Lema\^itre M. Lenti M. Leonardi M. Lequime N. Leroy M. Lesovsky N. Letendre M. Lethuillier Y. Levin K. Leyde A. K. Y. Li K. L. Li T. G. F. Li X. Li Y. Li Z. Li A. Lihos C-Y. Lin E. T. Lin L. C.-C. Lin Y.-C. Lin C. Lindsay S. D. Linker T. B. Littenberg A. Liu G. C. Liu Jian Liu F. Llamas Villarreal J. Llobera-Querol R. K. L. Lo J.-P. Locquet M. R. Loizou L. T. London A. Longo D. Lopez M. Lopez Portilla A. Lorenzo-Medina V. Loriette M. Lormand G. Losurdo E. Lotti T. P. Lott IV J. D. Lough H. A. Loughlin C. O. Lousto N. Low M. J. Lowry N. Lu L. Lucchesi H. L\"uck D. Lumaca A. P. Lundgren A. W. Lussier L.-T. Ma S. Ma R. Macas A. Macedo M. MacInnis R. R. Maciy D. M. Macleod I. A. O. MacMillan A. Macquet D. Macri K. Maeda S. Maenaut S. S. Magare R. M. Magee E. Maggio R. Maggiore M. Magnozzi M. Mahesh M. Maini S. Majhi E. Majorana C. N. Makarem D. Malakar J. A. Malaquias-Reis U. Mali S. Maliakal A. Malik L. Mallick A. Malz N. Man V. Mandic V. Mangano B. Mannix G. L. Mansell G. Mansingh M. Manske M. Mantovani M. Mapelli F. Marchesoni C. Marinelli D. Mar\'in Pina F. Marion S. M\'arka Z. M\'arka A. S. Markosyan A. Markowitz E. Maros S. Marsat F. Martelli I. W. Martin R. M. Martin B. B. Martinez M. Martinez V. Martinez A. Martini J. C. Martins D. V. Martynov E. J. Marx L. Massaro A. Masserot M. Masso-Reid M. Mastrodicasa S. Mastrogiovanni T. Matcovich M. Matiushechkina M. Matsuyama N. Mavalvala N. Maxwell G. McCarrol R. McCarthy D. E. McClelland S. McCormick L. McCuller S. McEachin C. McElhenny G. I. McGhee J. McGinn K. B. M. McGowan J. McIver A. McLeod T. McRae D. Meacher Q. Meijer A. Melatos M. Melching S. Mellaerts C. S. Menoni F. Mera R. A. Mercer L. Mereni K. Merfeld E. L. Merilh J. R. M\'erou J. D. Merritt M. Merzougui C. Messenger C. Messick B. Mestichelli M. Meyer-Conde F. Meylahn A. Mhaske A. Miani H. Miao I. Michaloliakos C. Michel Y. Michimura H. Middleton S. J. Miller M. Millhouse E. Milotti V. Milotti Y. Minenkov N. Mio Ll. M. Mir L. Mirasola M. Miravet-Ten\'es C.-A. Miritescu A. K. Mishra A. Mishra C. Mishra T. Mishra A. L. Mitchell J. G. Mitchell S. Mitra V. P. Mitrofanov R. Mittleman O. Miyakawa S. Miyamoto S. Miyoki G. Mo L. Mobilia S. R. P. Mohapatra S. R. Mohite M. Molina-Ruiz C. Mondal M. Mondin M. Montani C. J. Moore D. Moraru A. More S. More E. A. Moreno G. Moreno S. Morisaki Y. Moriwaki G. Morras A. Moscatello M. Mould P. Mourier B. Mours C. M. Mow-Lowry F. Muciaccia D. Mukherjee Samanwaya Mukherjee Soma Mukherjee Subroto Mukherjee Suvodip Mukherjee N. Mukund A. Mullavey H. Mullock J. Munch J. Mundi C. L. Mungioli Y. Murakami M. Murakoshi P. G. Murray S. Muusse D. Nabari S. L. Nadji A. Nagar N. Nagarajan K. Nakagaki K. Nakamura H. Nakano M. Nakano D. Nanadoumgar-Lacroze D. Nandi V. Napolano P. Narayan I. Nardecchia T. Narikawa H. Narola L. Naticchioni R. K. Nayak A. Nela A. Nelson T. J. N. Nelson M. Nery A. Neunzert S. Ng L. Nguyen Quynh S. A. Nichols A. B. Nielsen G. Nieradka Y. Nishino A. Nishizawa S. Nissanke E. Nitoglia W. Niu F. Nocera M. Norman C. North J. Novak J. F. Nu\~no Siles L. K. Nuttall K. Obayashi J. Oberling J. O'Dell M. Oertel A. Offermans G. Oganesyan J. J. Oh K. Oh T. O'Hanlon M. Ohashi M. Ohkawa F. Ohme R. Oliveri R. Omer B. O'Neal K. Oohara B. O'Reilly R. Oram N. D. Ormsby M. Orselli R. O'Shaughnessy S. O'Shea Y. Oshima S. Oshino C. Osthelder I. Ota D. J. Ottaway A. Ouzriat H. Overmier B. J. Owen A. E. Pace R. Pagano M. A. Page A. Pai L. Paiella A. Pal S. Pal M. A. Palaia M. P\'alfi P. P. Palma C. Palomba P. Palud J. Pan K. C. Pan R. Panai P. K. Panda Shiksha Pandey Swadha Pandey P. T. H. Pang F. 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Poulton J. Powell M. Pracchia B. K. Pradhan T. Pradier A. K. Prajapati K. Prasai R. Prasanna P. Prasia G. Pratten G. Principe M. Principe G. A. Prodi L. Prokhorov P. Prosperi P. Prosposito A. C. Providence A. Puecher J. Pullin M. Punturo P. Puppo M. P\"urrer H. Qi J. Qin G. Qu\'em\'ener V. Quetschke P. J. Quinonez F. J. Raab I. Rainho S. Raja C. Rajan B. Rajbhandari K. E. Ramirez F. A. Ramis Vidal A. Ramos-Buades D. Rana S. Ranjan K. Ransom P. Rapagnani B. Ratto A. Ray V. Raymond M. Razzano J. Read M. Recaman Payo T. Regimbau L. Rei S. Reid D. H. Reitze P. Relton A. I. Renzini B. Revenu R. Reyes A. S. Rezaei F. Ricci M. Ricci A. Ricciardone J. W. Richardson M. Richardson A. Rijal K. Riles H. K. Riley S. Rinaldi J. Rittmeyer C. Robertson F. Robinet M. Robinson A. Rocchi L. Rolland J. G. Rollins A. E. Romano R. Romano A. Romero I. M. Romero-Shaw J. H. Romie S. Ronchini T. J. Roocke L. Rosa T. J. Rosauer C. A. Rose D. Rosi\'nska M. P. Ross M. Rossello-Sastre S. Rowan S. Roy S. K. Roy D. 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Shah M. S. Shahriar M. A. Shaikh L. Shao A. Sharma A. K. Sharma P. Sharma S. Sharma Chaudhary M. R. Shaw P. Shawhan N. S. Shcheblanov Y. Shikano M. Shikauchi K. Shimode H. Shinkai J. Shiota S. Shirke D. H. Shoemaker D. M. Shoemaker R. W. Short S. ShyamSundar A. Sider H. Siegel D. Sigg L. Silenzi M. Simmonds L. P. Singer A. Singh D. Singh M. K. Singh N. Singh S. Singh A. Singha A. M. Sintes V. Sipala V. Skliris B. J. J. Slagmolen D. A. Slater T. J. Slaven-Blair J. Smetana J. R. Smith L. Smith R. J. E. Smith W. J. Smith K. Somiya I. Song K. Soni S. Soni V. Sordini F. Sorrentino H. Sotani A. Southgate F. Spada V. Spagnuolo A. P. Spencer M. Spera P. Spinicelli C. A. Sprague A. K. Srivastava F. Stachurski D. A. Steer N. Steinle J. Steinlechner S. Steinlechner N. Stergioulas P. Stevens S. P. Stevenson F. Stolzi M. StPierre G. Stratta M. D. Strong A. Strunk R. Sturani A. L. Stuver M. Suchenek S. Sudhagar N. Sueltmann L. Suleiman J.M. Sullivan K. D. Sullivan J. Sun L. Sun S. Sunil J. Suresh B. J. Sutton P. J. Sutton T. Suzuki Y. Suzuki B. L. Swinkels A. Syx M. J. Szczepa\'nczyk P. Szewczyk M. Tacca H. Tagoshi S. C. Tait H. Takahashi R. Takahashi A. Takamori T. Takase K. Takatani H. Takeda K. Takeshita C. Talbot M. Tamaki N. Tamanini D. Tanabe K. Tanaka S. J. Tanaka T. Tanaka D. Tang S. Tanioka D. B. Tanner W. Tanner L. Tao R. D. Tapia E. N. Tapia San Mart\'in R. Tarafder C. Taranto A. Taruya J. D. Tasson J. G. Tau R. Tenorio H. Themann A. Theodoropoulos M. P. Thirugnanasambandam L. M. Thomas M. Thomas P. Thomas J. E. Thompson S. R. Thondapu K. A. Thorne E. Thrane S. Tibrewal J. Tissino A. Tiwari P. Tiwari S. Tiwari V. Tiwari M. R. Todd A. M. Toivonen K. Toland A. E. Tolley T. Tomaru K. Tomita V. Tommasini T. Tomura H. Tong C. Tong-Yu A. Toriyama N. Toropov A. Torres-Forn\'e C. I. Torrie M. Toscani I. Tosta e Melo E. Tournefier M. Trad Nery A. Trapananti F. Travasso G. Traylor C. Trejo M. Trevor M. C. Tringali A. Tripathee G. Troian A. Trovato L. Trozzo R. J. 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Yin J. Yokoyama T. Yokozawa J. Yoo H. Yu S. Yuan H. Yuzurihara A. Zadro\.zny M. Zanolin M. Zeeshan T. Zelenova J.-P. Zendri M. Zeoli M. Zerrad M. Zevin A. C. Zhang L. Zhang R. Zhang T. Zhang Y. Zhang C. Zhao Yue Zhao Yuhang Zhao Y. Zheng H. Zhong R. Zhou X.-J. Zhu Z.-H. Zhu A. B. Zimmerman M. E. Zucker J. Zweizig
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Pith reviewed 2026-05-16 12:47 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌀 gr-qc astro-ph.HE
keywords gravitational wavesGWTCLIGOVirgoKAGRAobserving runblack hole mergerstransient catalog
0
0 comments X

The pith

GWTC-4.0 extends the gravitational-wave transient catalog with events from the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper introduces version 4.0 of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog, which adds short-duration gravitational wave signals detected through January 31, 2024. It compiles arrival times, amplitudes, and inferred source properties for these signals from the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA detectors. The work also serves as an entry point to a set of companion papers that document the analysis methods, summarize the full event list, report population-level measurements, and examine selected candidates in detail. A sympathetic reader would care because the added events enlarge the sample available for studying compact-object mergers and the underlying astrophysics.

Core claim

GWTC-4.0 is the data release that extends the catalog of identified gravitational-wave transients to include observations made during the initial segment of the fourth observing run up to 2024 January 31, supplying the arrival times, amplitudes, and source properties inferred from the data.

What carries the argument

The GWTC-4.0 catalog itself, which aggregates the list of detected transients together with their measured and inferred parameters drawn from the O4a data.

If this is right

  • The enlarged event list supports more precise measurements of merger rates and mass distributions.
  • Population studies can now draw on a larger statistical sample of compact binary coalescences.
  • The accompanying method papers supply the documentation needed for reproducible follow-up analyses.
  • Selected individual candidates receive dedicated scrutiny in separate articles.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The public catalog release allows external groups to perform independent population modeling or tests of general relativity.
  • Subsequent observing runs can be planned with expectations calibrated to the current detection efficiency.
  • Cumulative growth of the catalog may eventually reveal subpopulations or rare events not visible in smaller samples.

Load-bearing premise

The signal identification, noise subtraction, and parameter-estimation pipelines applied to the new O4a data contain no unrecognized systematics that would change the reported event list or source properties.

What would settle it

An independent re-analysis of the same O4a strain data that yields a different set of confident events or substantially different source parameters would falsify the completeness and accuracy of the catalog.

read the original abstract

The Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC) is a collection of short-duration (transient) gravitational wave signals identified by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration in gravitational-wave data produced by the eponymous detectors. The catalog provides information about the identified candidates, such as the arrival time and amplitude of the signal and properties of the signal's source as inferred from the observational data. GWTC is the data release of this dataset and version 4.0 extends the catalog to include observations made during the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run up until 2024 January 31. This paper marks an introduction to a collection of articles related to this version of the catalog, GWTC-4.0. The collection of articles accompanying the catalog provides documentation of the methods used to analyze the data, summaries of the catalog of events, observational measurements drawn from the population, and detailed discussions of selected candidates

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript introduces GWTC-4.0, the fourth version of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog, which extends the public catalog of short-duration gravitational-wave signals detected by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA network to include observations from the first part of the fourth observing run (O4a) through 2024 January 31. It functions as an overview document that directs readers to a suite of companion papers documenting the analysis pipelines, event summaries, population-level results, and detailed studies of selected candidates.

Significance. This data-release introduction provides the gravitational-wave community with an updated, publicly accessible catalog of transient events that substantially enlarges the sample available for astrophysical inference on compact-object mergers. Its primary strength is the explicit linkage to the full set of technical papers that describe the signal identification, noise subtraction, and parameter-estimation procedures, thereby supporting reproducibility and further scientific use of the O4a data.

minor comments (2)
  1. The abstract and introduction could more explicitly state the total number of new events added in GWTC-4.0 relative to GWTC-3.0 to give readers an immediate quantitative sense of the catalog growth.
  2. Section 2 would benefit from a brief table or bullet list summarizing the key differences in detector sensitivity and duty factor between O3 and O4a, even if the detailed characterization is deferred to companion papers.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive review of our manuscript and their recommendation to accept. We appreciate the recognition that GWTC-4.0 provides an important public data release for the gravitational-wave community, with clear linkages to the companion technical papers.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: factual catalog introduction with no derivation chain

full rationale

This manuscript is strictly an introductory data-release note. Its sole load-bearing claim is the factual statement that GWTC-4.0 extends the catalog with O4a observations through 2024 January 31. No equations, parameter estimations, predictions, or uniqueness theorems appear in the document; all technical methods, pipelines, and population analyses are explicitly deferred to separate companion papers. Because there is no derivation chain inside this paper, none of the enumerated circularity patterns can apply. The result is a direct observational product, not a constructed or self-referential quantity.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

No new free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are introduced; the paper is a catalog release that relies on prior detector calibration and analysis methods.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 15731 in / 948 out tokens · 16330 ms · 2026-05-16T12:47:53.427960+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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