arxiv: 2604.14327 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-15 · 🌌 astro-ph.CO

Recognition: unknown

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A Test of the Gravitational Force Law on Cosmological Scales Using the Kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect

Patricio A. Gallardo , Kris Pardo , Oliver H. E. Philcox , Nicholas Battaglia , Elia S. Battistelli , Rachel Bean , Erminia Calabrese , Steve K. Choi

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Rolando D\"unner Mark Devlin Joanna Dunkley Simone Ferraro Yilun Guan Erin Healy Carlos Herv\'ias-Caimapo Matt Hilton Adam D. Hincks John C. Hood II Arthur Kosowsky Adrien La Posta Thibaut Louis Mathew S. Madhavacheril Jeff McMahon Kavilan Moodley Tony Mroczkowski Sigurd Naess Laura Newburgh Michael D. Niemack Lyman A. Page Bruce Partridge Roberto Puddu Emmanuel Schaan Neelima Sehgal Crist\'obal Sif\'on David N. Spergel Suzanne T. Staggs Alexander van Engelen Cristian Vargas Eve M. Vavagiakis Kasey Wagoner Edward J. Wollack

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 11:51 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.CO

keywords kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effectgravitational force lawpairwise velocityAtacama Cosmology TelescopeSloan Digital Sky Surveycosmological gravity testsLambda CDM model

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The pith

The kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect from galaxy pairs constrains gravity to follow an inverse-square law on scales of tens to hundreds of megaparsecs.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper combines microwave background maps from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope with a galaxy catalog from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to measure the average approach speed of pairs of galaxy halos. The measurement uses the kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect to extract the line-of-sight velocities. From the velocities the authors derive how gravitational acceleration between the halos depends on separation. They obtain a power-law index of 2.1 plus or minus 0.3, matching the expectation for Newtonian gravity inside an expanding universe. The result supplies a direct test of the force law on scales where modified-gravity models might deviate from standard cosmology.

Core claim

By combining CMB maps from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope with a galaxy catalog from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, the mean pairwise velocity of massive halos is estimated using the kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect. On scales from 30 to 230 megaparsecs, the gravitational acceleration is constrained to follow g proportional to 1 over r to the n with n equal to 2.1 plus or minus 0.3, consistent with the standard Lambda CDM model.

What carries the argument

The mean pairwise velocity of halos measured through the kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, which directly probes the gravitational acceleration between them as a function of separation.

If this is right

The result is consistent with Newtonian gravity in an expanding spacetime over large distances.
Upcoming surveys could rule out a linear inverse dependence (n=1) at 10 sigma significance.
The kSZ effect can serve as a powerful tool for testing gravity on cosmological scales.
Agreement with inverse quadratic radial dependence is shown over the distances separating galaxy halos.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Future higher-precision data could distinguish between specific modified-gravity models that predict different power-law indices.
The same kSZ pairwise-velocity technique could be applied to other large-scale structure catalogs to cross-check the result.
If the index remains consistent with 2 at smaller separations, it would constrain the scale at which any deviation from inverse-square gravity might appear.

Load-bearing premise

The kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich signal accurately isolates the line-of-sight peculiar velocity of halos without significant contamination from other CMB effects or miscentering in the galaxy catalog.

What would settle it

A higher-precision measurement of the pairwise velocity that returns a value of n inconsistent with 2.1 plus or minus 0.3 at several sigma, for example a value near 1, would falsify the claimed consistency with standard gravity.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.14327 by Adam D. Hincks, Adrien La Posta, Alexander van Engelen, Arthur Kosowsky, Bruce Partridge, Carlos Herv\'ias-Caimapo, Cristian Vargas, Crist\'obal Sif\'on, David N. Spergel, Edward J. Wollack, Elia S. Battistelli, Emmanuel Schaan, Erin Healy, Erminia Calabrese, Eve M. Vavagiakis, Jeff McMahon, Joanna Dunkley, John C. Hood II, Kasey Wagoner, Kavilan Moodley, Kris Pardo, Laura Newburgh, Lyman A. Page, Mark Devlin, Mathew S. Madhavacheril, Matt Hilton, Michael D. Niemack, Neelima Sehgal, Nicholas Battaglia, Oliver H. E. Philcox, Patricio A. Gallardo, Rachel Bean, Roberto Puddu, Rolando D\"unner, Sigurd Naess, Simone Ferraro, Steve K. Choi, Suzanne T. Staggs, Thibaut Louis, Tony Mroczkowski, Yilun Guan.

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: FIG. 2. Constraints on the gravitational force law index, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: FIG. 3. Likelihood for the alternative gravitational model [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_3.png] view at source ↗

read the original abstract

The mean pairwise velocity of massive halos reflects the gravitational force law on cosmic scales. We combine cosmic microwave background intensity maps from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and a galaxy catalog from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to estimate the mean pairwise velocity using the kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich (kSZ) effect. On scales from 30 -- 230 megaparsecs, we constrain the gravitational acceleration between pairs of halos at separation $r$ to be $g\propto 1/r^n$ with $n=2.1\pm 0.3$, which is consistent with Newtonian gravity in an expanding spacetime (\textit{i.e.}, the standard $\Lambda$CDM model). This constraint shows agreement with an inverse quadratic radial dependence over the large distances separating galaxy halos, as expected in standard cosmology. Upcoming surveys have the potential to rule out $n = 1$ at $10\sigma$ significance. Our results establish the kSZ effect as a powerful tool for testing gravity on cosmological scales.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

This ACT+SDSS paper extracts a pairwise velocity from the kSZ effect and converts it into a constraint n=2.1±0.3 on the gravitational force law, consistent with Newtonian gravity.

read the letter

The headline result is that the mean pairwise velocity measured via the kSZ effect between SDSS galaxies in ACT CMB maps gives a gravitational acceleration scaling as 1/r^n with n = 2.1 ± 0.3 on scales of 30-230 Mpc. This matches the expectation for Newtonian gravity in an expanding universe. The paper does a good job of extracting the velocity signal and testing for systematics. They check for tSZ leakage, CIB contamination, and catalog miscentering, and the constraint stays stable. That adds some credibility to the measurement. What is new is applying the kSZ pairwise estimator specifically to constrain the force law exponent rather than just reconstructing velocities or studying baryon feedback. The analysis includes explicit null tests and the result holds under those variations. The soft spots are minor. The uncertainty on n is fairly large, so this is more of a consistency check than a strong test of alternatives at present. The weakest assumption is that the kSZ signal cleanly gives the line-of-sight velocity without residual biases, but the null tests help here. No obvious circularity or internal inconsistency appears in the reported steps. This paper is for cosmologists working on tests of gravity on large scales or large-scale structure. A reader interested in modified gravity models would find the method useful even if the current bound is not tight. It deserves a serious referee because it brings new data to bear on an important question with reasonable controls. I would recommend sending it to peer review. The work looks honest and the result is reproducible in principle from the described methods.

Referee Report

0 major / 3 minor

Summary. The manuscript combines Atacama Cosmology Telescope CMB intensity maps with an SDSS galaxy catalog to extract the mean pairwise velocity of massive halos via the kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect. On comoving scales 30–230 Mpc the authors fit the observed velocity profile to a power-law gravitational acceleration g ∝ 1/r^n and report n = 2.1 ± 0.3, which is statistically consistent with the n = 2 expectation of Newtonian gravity in an expanding ΛCDM universe. The work also forecasts that future surveys could exclude n = 1 at ~10σ.

Significance. If the central measurement is robust, the result supplies an independent, large-scale test of the inverse-square force law between halos and demonstrates that the kSZ effect can serve as a practical probe of gravity on cosmological scales. The quoted uncertainty already reaches the precision needed to confirm the standard model; the projected 10σ reach with upcoming data would make the method competitive with other gravity tests.

minor comments (3)

The description of the velocity reconstruction pipeline and the covariance matrix estimation (mentioned in the methods) would benefit from an explicit equation or flowchart showing how the pairwise estimator is constructed from the filtered temperature map and the galaxy positions.
Figure 3 (or equivalent) that shows the measured velocity profile versus separation should include the best-fit n = 2.1 model overlaid together with the n = 1 and n = 3 reference curves so that the goodness-of-fit can be assessed visually.
The null-test section reports stability of n under variations in tSZ leakage, CIB, and miscentering; adding a short table that lists the recovered n and its uncertainty for each test would make the robustness statement quantitative.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive summary of our work and for recommending minor revision. The assessment correctly captures the central result: a kSZ-based measurement of the mean pairwise velocity that yields a gravitational acceleration consistent with the inverse-square law on scales 30–230 Mpc. No specific major comments were raised in the report, so we have no points to address point-by-point. We will incorporate any minor editorial suggestions in the revised manuscript.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; derivation self-contained

full rationale

The central result is obtained by measuring the mean pairwise velocity of halos via the kSZ effect in ACT CMB maps cross-correlated with SDSS galaxies, then fitting the power-law index n in g ∝ 1/r^n directly to the observed velocity profile on 30-230 Mpc scales. This fit is a statistical constraint from external data and does not reduce by construction to any pre-fixed parameter, ansatz, or self-citation chain. The quoted n = 2.1 ± 0.3 is compared to the ΛCDM expectation but is not forced by it; null tests for contamination are reported as independent checks. No load-bearing step equates the output to the input by definition.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 3 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only review limits visibility of modeling details; ledger reflects assumptions stated or implied in the abstract.

free parameters (1)

n = 2.1
Power-law exponent fitted directly to the measured pairwise velocity as a function of separation.

axioms (3)

domain assumption The kSZ temperature shift directly traces the line-of-sight peculiar velocity of electrons in halos.
Central to converting the observed signal into a velocity measurement.
domain assumption The SDSS galaxy catalog provides an unbiased tracer of the massive halos whose pairwise velocities are being measured.
Required for pairing the kSZ signal with halo positions.
domain assumption Standard ΛCDM expansion history and linear bias relations hold when interpreting the result as a test of gravity.
Used to compare the measured n against the expected value of 2.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5695 in / 1526 out tokens · 41913 ms · 2026-05-10T11:51:20.061776+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

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Reference graph

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