arxiv: 2604.15006 · v2 · submitted 2026-04-16 · 🌌 astro-ph.CO · hep-ph

Recognition: unknown

Cosmology of Inelastic Self-Interacting Dark Matter: Linear Evolution and Observational Constraints

Xin-Chen Duan , Yue-Lin Sming Tsai , Ziwei Wang

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 10:03 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.CO hep-ph

keywords inelastic dark matterself-interacting dark matterdark acoustic oscillationsstructure formationLyman-alpha forestcosmological perturbationssecluded dark sectormatter power spectrum

0 comments

The pith

Exothermic inelastic conversions in two-component dark matter inject kinetic energy that suppresses small-scale structure and creates acoustic oscillations.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper examines the linear cosmological evolution of inelastic self-interacting dark matter in a secluded two-component sector with a small mass splitting under thermal initial conditions. It derives that exothermic conversions heat the lighter species, generating pressure support that damps small-scale fluctuations and produces dark acoustic oscillations in the matter power spectrum. The cutoff scale at k greater than 1 h per Mpc depends on the cross-section strength, its velocity dependence, the dark matter masses, and the splitting. Modified Boltzmann solver calculations are then confronted with Lyman-alpha forest data and high-redshift UV luminosity functions, yielding closed but non-monotonic exclusion regions set by the competition between conversion efficiency and depletion of the heavy component. These internal thermodynamic effects offer a way to test multi-component dark sectors through their imprint on structure formation.

Core claim

In a two-component dark matter model with inelastic self-interactions and small mass splitting, exothermic conversions between the species inject kinetic energy into the lighter component. This creates pressure support that suppresses the linear matter power spectrum at wavenumbers k greater than 1 h Mpc inverse and induces dark acoustic oscillations. The resulting cutoff scale depends on cross-section normalization and velocity dependence, dark matter mass, and the mass splitting. Coupled background and perturbation equations are solved for both power-law and low-velocity saturation cross sections using a modified Boltzmann solver. Recast constraints from Lyman-alpha forest observations and

What carries the argument

Coupled background and perturbation equations for inelastic conversion between the two dark matter species, solved for power-law and low-velocity saturation cross sections.

If this is right

The suppression scale in the matter power spectrum varies with cross-section normalization, velocity dependence, mass, and mass splitting.
Observational constraints from Lyman-alpha forest data and UV luminosity functions produce non-monotonic exclusion regions due to competition between efficient conversion and heavy-species depletion.
Dark acoustic oscillations appear in the matter power spectrum as a direct signature of the pressure support from energy injection.
Internal thermodynamics of a multi-component secluded dark sector can produce observable effects on structure formation without requiring direct detection.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The same energy-injection mechanism could be tested in nonlinear regimes to assess impacts on halo mass functions and galaxy formation.
Future large-scale structure surveys could map the oscillation features to distinguish inelastic self-interaction from other suppression mechanisms such as warm dark matter.
Analogous effects might arise in other multi-component models with different interaction channels, broadening the class of testable secluded dark sectors.

Load-bearing premise

The derivation assumes thermal initial conditions for both species, a small mass splitting, and cross sections of either power-law or low-velocity saturation form.

What would settle it

A future measurement of the matter power spectrum that shows either no cutoff near k equals 1 h Mpc inverse or a cutoff whose scale does not vary with mass splitting and cross-section parameters in the predicted way.

read the original abstract

We study the linear cosmological evolution of inelastic self-interacting dark matter in a two-component dark sector with a small mass splitting, assuming thermal initial conditions for the two species. We derive the coupled background and perturbation equations for inelastic conversion between the two species, considering both power-law and low-velocity saturation cross sections. Exothermic conversion injects kinetic energy into the light component, generating pressure support that suppresses small-scale structure and produces dark acoustic oscillations in the matter power spectrum. The resulting cutoff at scale $k > 1\,h\,\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$ depends on the normalization and velocity dependence of the cross section, the dark matter mass and the mass splitting. Using linear power spectra computed with a modified Boltzmann solver, we apply recast constraints from Lyman-$\alpha$ forest data and high-redshift UV luminosity functions, finding non-monotonic but closed exclusion regions driven by the competition between efficient conversion and rapid depletion of the heavy component. These results show that the internal thermodynamics of a secluded multi-component dark sector can leave observable imprints on structure formation, providing a complementary probe of secluded dark matter.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

The paper derives coupled equations for inelastic two-component DM and finds non-monotonic Lyman-alpha bounds from cutoffs plus DAOs, but the constraint recasting needs checking.

read the letter

The core advance here is the derivation of background and perturbation equations for exothermic inelastic conversion between two dark-matter species with a small mass splitting. They implement this in a modified Boltzmann solver, produce linear power spectra that show both a cutoff above k ~ 1 h/Mpc and dark acoustic oscillations, and then recast Lyman-alpha forest and high-z UV luminosity function limits to obtain closed but non-monotonic exclusion regions in the mass-splitting versus cross-section plane. That last feature comes from the competition between efficient conversion (which injects pressure support) and rapid depletion of the heavy species. The setup is straightforward once the equations are written down, and the numerical results look internally consistent on the theory side. The cross-section forms (power-law and low-velocity saturation) are handled explicitly, which is useful for mapping to concrete models. The main soft spot is the constraint step. Standard Lyman-alpha analyses are calibrated on smooth small-scale suppression. Here the power spectrum has oscillatory residuals whose nodes could imprint differently on the 1D flux power at z ~ 3-5. Treating the cutoff scale as directly equivalent to WDM-style bounds risks under- or over-estimating the allowed parameter space, especially in the regime that produces the non-monotonic exclusions. The paper assumes thermal initial conditions and small mass splitting throughout, which is reasonable but narrows the scope. This work is aimed at people already thinking about multi-component or hidden-sector dark matter and how internal energy exchange affects structure formation. A reader who wants the equations and a first look at possible cosmological signatures will find it worth reading. It is not yet a finished constraint paper because of the recasting issue. It deserves a serious referee to verify the Boltzmann implementation and to test whether the DAO features require a more tailored likelihood than the simple cutoff matching used here.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper derives coupled background and perturbation equations for inelastic self-interacting dark matter in a two-component secluded sector with small mass splitting and thermal initial conditions. It considers power-law and velocity-saturated cross sections, shows that exothermic conversion generates pressure support and dark acoustic oscillations leading to a cutoff in the linear matter power spectrum at k ≳ 1 h Mpc^{-1}, and applies recast Lyman-α forest and high-redshift UV luminosity function constraints via a modified Boltzmann solver to obtain non-monotonic but closed exclusion regions in the space of DM mass, mass splitting, and cross-section parameters.

Significance. If the central results hold, the work establishes that the internal thermodynamics and conversion dynamics of a multi-component dark sector can produce distinctive imprints on small-scale structure formation, including oscillatory features, thereby providing a complementary observational probe of secluded dark matter models that is independent of direct detection or collider searches. The explicit derivation of the modified Boltzmann equations and their numerical implementation is a clear technical contribution.

major comments (2)

[Observational constraints section] In the section applying observational constraints (around the discussion of recast Lyman-α and UV LF bounds): the mapping of the model's DAO-induced cutoff and oscillatory features in P(k) to standard Lyman-α exclusion regions assumes that the suppression can be treated equivalently to the smooth small-scale cutoffs used in WDM or fuzzy DM calibrations. However, the velocity-dependent energy injection and nodes of the dark acoustic oscillations can produce non-monotonic residuals in the 1D flux power spectrum at z~3–5, which may invalidate the simple k-cutoff recasting and affect the reported non-monotonic exclusion regions, particularly where conversion efficiency competes with heavy-species depletion.
[Linear evolution section] §3 (linear evolution) and the Boltzmann solver implementation: the coupled perturbation equations are derived under the assumption of thermal initial conditions and small mass splitting; the central claim that the cutoff scale depends on normalization, velocity dependence, mass, and splitting would be strengthened by an explicit test of how deviations from these assumptions (e.g., non-thermal distributions or larger splittings) alter the resulting P(k) and the subsequent exclusion contours.

minor comments (2)

[Abstract] The abstract states the cutoff occurs at k > 1 h Mpc^{-1} but does not specify the precise definition (e.g., where P(k) drops by a factor of 2 or 10 relative to CDM); adding this would improve clarity for readers comparing to other models.
[Figures] Figure captions for the power spectra and exclusion plots should explicitly note the redshift and wavenumber range used for the recast constraints to allow direct assessment of applicability.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their detailed and constructive feedback on our manuscript. Their comments have prompted us to clarify several aspects of our analysis and assumptions. We address each major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Observational constraints section] In the section applying observational constraints (around the discussion of recast Lyman-α and UV LF bounds): the mapping of the model's DAO-induced cutoff and oscillatory features in P(k) to standard Lyman-α exclusion regions assumes that the suppression can be treated equivalently to the smooth small-scale cutoffs used in WDM or fuzzy DM calibrations. However, the velocity-dependent energy injection and nodes of the dark acoustic oscillations can produce non-monotonic residuals in the 1D flux power spectrum at z~3–5, which may invalidate the simple k-cutoff recasting and affect the reported non-monotonic exclusion regions, particularly where conversion efficiency competes with heavy-species depletion.

Authors: We agree that the presence of dark acoustic oscillations (DAOs) and velocity-dependent effects could lead to non-monotonic features in the flux power spectrum, potentially affecting the direct applicability of standard Lyman-α recasts calibrated on smooth cutoffs. Our approach follows the common practice in the literature for similar models with cutoffs (e.g., ETHOS models with DAOs), where constraints are applied based on the scale at which suppression occurs. However, to address this concern, we have revised the observational constraints section to include a more detailed discussion of the limitations of the recasting method and the potential impact of oscillatory features. We note that our reported exclusion regions are based on the effective cutoff and should be interpreted as indicative rather than definitive, pending more detailed simulations. This revision is partial as a full re-analysis with hydrodynamic simulations is beyond the current scope. revision: partial
Referee: [Linear evolution section] §3 (linear evolution) and the Boltzmann solver implementation: the coupled perturbation equations are derived under the assumption of thermal initial conditions and small mass splitting; the central claim that the cutoff scale depends on normalization, velocity dependence, mass, and splitting would be strengthened by an explicit test of how deviations from these assumptions (e.g., non-thermal distributions or larger splittings) alter the resulting P(k) and the subsequent exclusion contours.

Authors: The derivation in §3 assumes thermal initial conditions, which are appropriate for a secluded sector that has thermalized, and small mass splittings to enable efficient inelastic scattering at relevant epochs. We acknowledge that testing deviations would provide additional robustness. However, non-thermal distributions would require a different Boltzmann hierarchy treatment, and larger splittings would change the kinematics of the conversion process, effectively exploring a different regime of the model. We have added text in the revised manuscript justifying these assumptions based on the model setup and early universe thermal history, and briefly discussing how deviations might affect the results qualitatively. This strengthens the presentation without altering the core claims. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: derivation from first-principles equations plus external constraints

full rationale

The paper derives coupled background and perturbation equations for inelastic conversion from thermal initial conditions and specified cross-section forms, solves them numerically with a modified Boltzmann solver to obtain linear P(k), and applies recast external constraints from Lyman-α forest and UV luminosity function data. No load-bearing step reduces by construction to a fitted input, self-citation, or definitional equivalence; the non-monotonic exclusion regions emerge from the solved competition between conversion efficiency and heavy-species depletion when compared to independent observational benchmarks. The derivation chain remains self-contained against external data.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

3 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The model introduces several free parameters (dark-matter mass, mass splitting, cross-section normalization and velocity dependence) that are not derived from first principles and must be chosen or fitted to produce the reported cutoff scale and exclusion regions. The only explicit background assumption is thermal initial conditions for the two species.

free parameters (3)

dark matter mass
Sets the overall scale of the cutoff and conversion efficiency
mass splitting
Controls the kinetic energy released in exothermic conversion
cross-section normalization and velocity dependence
Determines the rate and velocity scaling of inelastic scattering

axioms (1)

domain assumption thermal initial conditions for the two species
Assumed at the start of the linear evolution calculation

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5501 in / 1395 out tokens · 42133 ms · 2026-05-10T10:03:56.937291+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

Saturation Mechanisms in the Interacting Dark Sector
astro-ph.CO 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0

Nonlinear dark-sector interaction models with a half-saturation sparseness scale are observationally preferred over their linear counterparts at >95% confidence for two of three cases.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

84 extracted references · 79 canonical work pages · cited by 1 Pith paper · 2 internal anchors

[1]

White and M.J

S.D.M. White and M.J. Rees,Core condensation in heavy halos: A Two stage theory for galaxy formation and clusters,Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc.183(1978) 341

1978
[2]

Blumenthal, S.M

G.R. Blumenthal, S.M. Faber, J.R. Primack and M.J. Rees,Formation of Galaxies and Large Scale Structure with Cold Dark Matter,Nature311(1984) 517

1984
[3]

The Structure of Cold Dark Matter Halos

J.F. Navarro, C.S. Frenk and S.D.M. White,The Structure of cold dark matter halos, Astrophys. J.462(1996) 563 [astro-ph/9508025]. [4]XENONcollaboration,First Dark Matter Search with Nuclear Recoils from the XENONnT Experiment,Phys. Rev. Lett.131(2023) 041003 [2303.14729]. [5]PandaXcollaboration,Dark Matter Search Results from 1.54 Tonne·Year Exposure of P...

work page Pith review arXiv 1996
[4]

Boveia and C

A. Boveia and C. Doglioni,Dark Matter Searches at Colliders,Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci.68 (2018) 429 [1810.12238]

work page arXiv 2018
[5]

Review of LHC Dark Matter Searches,

F. Kahlhoefer,Review of LHC Dark Matter Searches,Int. J. Mod. Phys. A32(2017) 1730006 [1702.02430]

work page arXiv 2017
[6]

Buchmueller, C

O. Buchmueller, C. Doglioni and L.T. Wang,Search for dark matter at colliders,Nature Phys. 13(2017) 217 [1912.12739]. – 28 –

work page arXiv 2017
[7]

Secluded WIMP Dark Matter

M. Pospelov, A. Ritz and M.B. Voloshin,Secluded WIMP Dark Matter,Phys. Lett. B662 (2008) 53 [0711.4866]

work page Pith review arXiv 2008
[8]

Arkani-Hamed, D

N. Arkani-Hamed, D.P. Finkbeiner, T.R. Slatyer and N. Weiner,A Theory of Dark Matter, Phys. Rev. D79(2009) 015014 [0810.0713]

work page arXiv 2009
[9]

Hochberg, E

Y. Hochberg, E. Kuflik, T. Volansky and J.G. Wacker,Mechanism for Thermal Relic Dark Matter of Strongly Interacting Massive Particles,Phys. Rev. Lett.113(2014) 171301 [1402.5143]

work page arXiv 2014
[10]

Cyr-Racine, K

F.-Y. Cyr-Racine, K. Sigurdson, J. Zavala, T. Bringmann, M. Vogelsberger and C. Pfrommer, ETHOS—an effective theory of structure formation: From dark particle physics to the matter distribution of the Universe,Phys. Rev. D93(2016) 123527 [1512.05344]

work page arXiv 2016
[11]

Poulin, P

V. Poulin, P.D. Serpico and J. Lesgourgues,A fresh look at linear cosmological constraints on a decaying dark matter component,JCAP08(2016) 036 [1606.02073]

work page arXiv 2016
[12]

A Lower Bound on the Mass of Cold Thermal Dark Matter from Planck

C. Boehm, M.J. Dolan and C. McCabe,A Lower Bound on the Mass of Cold Thermal Dark Matter from Planck,JCAP08(2013) 041 [1303.6270]

work page Pith review arXiv 2013
[13]

Sabti, J

N. Sabti, J. Alvey, M. Escudero, M. Fairbairn and D. Blas,Refined Bounds on MeV-scale Thermal Dark Sectors from BBN and the CMB,JCAP01(2020) 004 [1910.01649]

work page arXiv 2020
[14]

Tsai, C.-T

Y.-L.S. Tsai, C.-T. Lu and V.Q. Tran,Confronting dark matter co-annihilation of Inert two Higgs Doublet Model with a compressed mass spectrum,JHEP06(2020) 033 [1912.08875]

work page arXiv 2020
[15]

Banerjee, S

S. Banerjee, S. Matsumoto, K. Mukaida and Y.-L.S. Tsai,WIMP Dark Matter in a Well-Tempered Regime: A case study on Singlet-Doublets Fermionic WIMP,JHEP11(2016) 070 [1603.07387]

work page arXiv 2016
[16]

Fan, T.-P

Y.-Z. Fan, T.-P. Tang, Y.-L.S. Tsai and L. Wu,Inert Higgs Dark Matter for CDF II W-Boson Mass and Detection Prospects,Phys. Rev. Lett.129(2022) 091802 [2204.03693]

work page arXiv 2022
[17]

Observational and theoretical constraints on singular dark matter halos,

R.A. Flores and J.R. Primack,Observational and theoretical constraints on singular dark matter halos,Astrophys. J. Lett.427(1994) L1 [astro-ph/9402004]

work page arXiv 1994
[18]

Moore,Evidence against dissipationless dark matter from observations of galaxy haloes, Nature370(1994) 629

B. Moore,Evidence against dissipationless dark matter from observations of galaxy haloes, Nature370(1994) 629

1994
[19]

Boylan-Kolchin, J

M. Boylan-Kolchin, J.S. Bullock and M. Kaplinghat,Too big to fail? The puzzling darkness of massive Milky Way subhaloes,Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc.415(2011) L40 [1103.0007]

work page arXiv 2011
[20]

Bullock and M

J.S. Bullock and M. Boylan-Kolchin,Small-Scale Challenges to theΛCDM Paradigm,Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys.55(2017) 343 [1707.04256]

work page arXiv 2017
[21]

Oman et al.,The unexpected diversity of dwarf galaxy rotation curves,Mon

K.A. Oman et al.,The unexpected diversity of dwarf galaxy rotation curves,Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc.452(2015) 3650 [1504.01437]

work page arXiv 2015
[22]

Yang and H.-B

D. Yang and H.-B. Yu,Self-interacting dark matter and rotation curves of low-mass spirals, 2306.01830

work page arXiv
[23]

Yang and H.-B

D. Yang and H.-B. Yu,Self-interacting dark matter and the origin of rotation curves in low-mass spirals,JCAP2009(2020) 077 [2002.02102]

work page arXiv 2020
[24]

Spergel and P.J

D.N. Spergel and P.J. Steinhardt,Observational evidence for selfinteracting cold dark matter, Phys. Rev. Lett.84(2000) 3760 [astro-ph/9909386]

work page arXiv 2000
[25]

Kaplinghat, S

M. Kaplinghat, S. Tulin and H.-B. Yu,Dark Matter Halos as Particle Colliders: Unified Solution to Small-Scale Structure Puzzles from Dwarfs to Clusters,Phys. Rev. Lett.116(2016) 041302 [1508.03339]

work page arXiv 2016
[26]

Dark Matter Self-interactions and Small Scale Structure

S. Tulin and H.-B. Yu,Dark Matter Self-interactions and Small Scale Structure,Phys. Rept. 730(2018) 1 [1705.02358]. – 29 –

work page Pith review arXiv 2018
[27]

J.L. Feng, M. Kaplinghat and H.-B. Yu,Halo Shape and Relic Density Exclusions of Sommerfeld-Enhanced Dark Matter Explanations of Cosmic Ray Excesses,Phys. Rev. Lett.104 (2010) 151301 [0911.0422]

work page Pith review arXiv 2010
[28]

Loeb and N

A. Loeb and N. Weiner,Cores in Dwarf Galaxies from Dark Matter with a Yukawa Potential, Phys. Rev. Lett.106(2011) 171302 [1011.6374]

work page arXiv 2011
[29]

Beyond Collisionless Dark Matter: Particle Physics Dynamics for Dark Matter Halo Structure

S. Tulin, H.-B. Yu and K.M. Zurek,Beyond Collisionless Dark Matter: Particle Physics Dynamics for Dark Matter Halo Structure,Phys. Rev. D87(2013) 115007 [1302.3898]

work page Pith review arXiv 2013
[30]

Ghosh, P

P. Ghosh, P. Konar, A.K. Saha and S. Show,Self-interacting freeze-in dark matter in a singlet doublet scenario,JCAP10(2022) 017 [2112.09057]

work page arXiv 2022
[31]

Del Nobile, M

E. Del Nobile, M. Kaplinghat and H.-B. Yu,Direct Detection Signatures of Self-Interacting Dark Matter with a Light Mediator,JCAP10(2015) 055 [1507.04007]

work page arXiv 2015
[32]

Kaplinghat, S

M. Kaplinghat, S. Tulin and H.-B. Yu,Direct Detection Portals for Self-interacting Dark Matter,Phys. Rev. D89(2014) 035009 [1310.7945]

work page arXiv 2014
[33]

Tucker-Smith and N

D. Tucker-Smith and N. Weiner,Inelastic dark matter,Phys. Rev. D64(2001) 043502 [hep-ph/0101138]

work page arXiv 2001
[34]

Finkbeiner and N

D.P. Finkbeiner and N. Weiner,Exciting Dark Matter and the INTEGRAL/SPI 511 keV signal,Phys. Rev. D76(2007) 083519 [astro-ph/0702587]

work page arXiv 2007
[35]

Blennow, S

M. Blennow, S. Clementz and J. Herrero-Garcia,Self-interacting inelastic dark matter: A viable solution to the small scale structure problems,JCAP03(2017) 048 [1612.06681]

work page arXiv 2017
[36]

Calura, C

M. Meneghetti et al.,An excess of small-scale gravitational lenses observed in galaxy clusters, Science369(2020) 1347 [2009.04471]

work page arXiv 2020
[37]

Essig, S

R. Essig, S.D. Mcdermott, H.-B. Yu and Y.-M. Zhong,Constraining Dissipative Dark Matter Self-Interactions,Phys. Rev. Lett.123(2019) 121102 [1809.01144]

work page arXiv 2019
[38]

Yang and H.-B

D. Yang and H.-B. Yu,Self-interacting dark matter and small-scale gravitational lenses in galaxy clusters,Phys. Rev. D104(2021) 103031 [2102.02375]

work page arXiv 2021
[39]

Duan, K.-I

G.H. Duan, K.-I. Hikasa, J. Ren, L. Wu and J.M. Yang,Probing bino-wino coannihilation dark matter below the neutrino floor at the LHC,Phys. Rev. D98(2018) 015010 [1804.05238]

work page arXiv 2018
[40]

Feng, X.-W

J.-C. Feng, X.-W. Kang, C.-T. Lu, Y.-L.S. Tsai and F.-S. Zhang,Revising inelastic dark matter direct detection by including the cosmic ray acceleration,JHEP04(2022) 080 [2110.08863]

work page arXiv 2022
[41]

Fuks, M.D

B. Fuks, M.D. Goodsell and T. Murphy,Monojets from compressed weak frustrated dark matter,Phys. Rev. D111(2025) 055010 [2409.03014]

work page arXiv 2025
[42]

Huo, H.-B

R. Huo, H.-B. Yu and Y.-M. Zhong,The structure of dissipative dark matter halos,JCAP06 (2020) 051 [1912.06757]

work page arXiv 2020
[43]

Shen, P.F

X. Shen, P.F. Hopkins, L. Necib, F. Jiang, M. Boylan-Kolchin and A. Wetzel,Dissipative dark matter on fire: I. structural and kinematic properties of dwarf galaxies,Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc.506(2021) 4421 [2102.09580]

work page arXiv 2021
[44]

Shen, P.F

X. Shen, P.F. Hopkins, L. Necib, F. Jiang, M. Boylan-Kolchin and A. Wetzel,Dissipative dark matter on fire: Ii. observational signatures and constraints from local dwarf galaxies,Astrophys. J.966(2024) 131 [2206.05327]

work page arXiv 2024
[45]

Adhikari, A

S. Adhikari, A. Banerjee, B. Jain, T.H. Shin and Y.-M. Zhong,Constraints on dark matter self-interactions from weak lensing of galaxies from the dark energy survey around clusters from the atacama cosmology telescope survey,2401.05788

work page arXiv
[46]

Vogelsberger, J

M. Vogelsberger, J. Zavala, K. Schutz and T.R. Slatyer,Evaporating the milky way halo and its satellites with inelastic self-interacting dark matter,Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc.484(2019) 5437 [1805.03203]. – 30 –

work page arXiv 2019
[47]

K.T.E. Chua, K. Dibert, M. Vogelsberger and J. Zavala,The impact of inelastic self-interacting dark matter on the dark matter structure of a milky way halo,Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 500(2021) 1531 [2010.08562]

work page arXiv 2021
[48]

O’Neil, M

S. O’Neil, M. Vogelsberger, S. Heeba, K. Schutz, J.C. Rose, P. Torrey et al.,Endothermic self-interacting dark matter in milky way-like dark matter haloes,Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 524(2023) 288 [2210.16328]

work page arXiv 2023
[49]

Semenov, S

V. Semenov, S. Pilipenko, A. Doroshkevich, V. Lukash and E. Mikheeva,Dark matter halo formation in the multicomponent dark matter models,1306.3210

work page arXiv
[50]

Todoroki and M.V

K. Todoroki and M.V. Medvedev,Dark matter haloes in the multicomponent model. i. substructure,Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc.483(2019) 3983 [1711.11078]

work page arXiv 2019
[51]

Todoroki and M.V

K. Todoroki and M.V. Medvedev,Dark matter haloes in the multicomponent model. ii. density profiles of galactic haloes,Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc.483(2019) 4004 [1711.11085]

work page arXiv 2019
[52]

Todoroki and M.V

K. Todoroki and M.V. Medvedev,Dark matter haloes in the multicomponent model. iii. from dwarfs to galaxy clusters,Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc.510(2022) 4249 [2003.11096]

work page arXiv 2022
[53]

Self-Interacting Dark Matter with Mass Segregation: A Unified Explanation of Dwarf Cores and Small-Scale Lenses

D. Yang, Y.-Z. Fan, S. Hou and Y.-L.S. Tsai,Self-interacting dark matter with mass segregation: a unified explanation of dwarf cores and small-scale lenses,Sci. Bull.71(2026) 1349 [2506.14898]

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2026
[54]

Yang, Y.-L.S

D. Yang, Y.-L.S. Tsai and Y.-Z. Fan,Diversifying halo structures in two-component self-interacting dark matter models via mass segregation,Phys. Rev. D112(2025) 083011 [2504.02303]

work page arXiv 2025
[55]

Cyr-Racine and K

F.-Y. Cyr-Racine and K. Sigurdson,The cosmology of atomic dark matter,Phys. Rev. D87 (2013) 103515 [1209.5752]

work page arXiv 2013
[56]

S. Roy, X. Shen, M. Lisanti, D. Curtin, N. Murray and P.F. Hopkins,Simulating atomic dark matter in milky way analogues,Astrophys. J. Lett.954(2023) L40 [2304.09878]

work page arXiv 2023
[57]

S. Roy, X. Shen, J. Barron, M. Lisanti, D. Curtin, N. Murray et al.,Aggressively-dissipative dark dwarfs: The effects of atomic dark matter on the inner densities of isolated dwarf galaxies, Astrophys. J.982(2025) 175 [2408.15317]

work page arXiv 2025
[58]

Gemmell, S

C. Gemmell, S. Roy, X. Shen, D. Curtin, M. Lisanti, N. Murray et al.,Dissipative dark substructure: The consequences of atomic dark matter on milky way analog subhalos, Astrophys. J.967(2024) 21 [2311.02148]

work page arXiv 2024
[59]

J.H. Kim, K. Kong, S.H. Lim and J.-C. Park,Astrophysical and cosmological probes of boosted dark matter,2410.05382

work page arXiv
[60]

Tucker-Smith and N

D. Tucker-Smith and N. Weiner,The status of inelastic dark matter,Phys. Rev. D72(2005) 063509 [hep-ph/0402065]

work page arXiv 2005
[61]

Chang, G.D

S. Chang, G.D. Kribs, D. Tucker-Smith and N. Weiner,Inelastic dark matter in light of dama/libra,Phys. Rev. D79(2009) 043513 [0807.2250]

work page arXiv 2009
[62]

De Simone, V

A. De Simone, V. Sanz and H.P. Sato,Pseudo-Dirac Dark Matter Leaves a Trace,Phys. Rev. Lett.105(2010) 121802 [1004.1567]

work page arXiv 2010
[63]

Konar, A

P. Konar, A. Mukherjee, A.K. Saha and S. Show,Linking pseudo-Dirac dark matter to radiative neutrino masses in a singlet-doublet scenario,Phys. Rev. D102(2020) 015024 [2001.11325]

work page arXiv 2020
[64]

Konar, A

P. Konar, A. Mukherjee, A.K. Saha and S. Show,A dark clue to seesaw and leptogenesis in a pseudo-Dirac singlet doublet scenario with (non)standard cosmology,JHEP03(2021) 044 [2007.15608]

work page arXiv 2021
[65]

Baumgart, C

M. Baumgart, C. Cheung, J.T. Ruderman, L.-T. Wang and I. Yavin,Non-Abelian Dark Sectors and Their Collider Signatures,JHEP04(2009) 014 [0901.0283]. – 31 –

work page arXiv 2009
[66]

Katz and R

A. Katz and R. Sundrum,Breaking the dark force,JHEP06(2009) 003 [0902.3271]

work page arXiv 2009
[67]

F. Chen, V. Takhistov, N. Weiner and I. Yavin,Probing a dark sector through the higgs portal, JHEP01(2010) 057 [0907.4746]

work page arXiv 2010
[68]

Zhang et al.,A non-abelian dark matter model for 511 kev gamma rays and direct detection,Phys

H.-B. Zhang et al.,A non-abelian dark matter model for 511 kev gamma rays and direct detection,Phys. Lett. B684(2010) 201 [0910.2831]

work page arXiv 2010
[69]

Iengo,Sommerfeld enhancement: general results from field theory diagrams,JHEP05 (2009) 024 [0902.0688]

R. Iengo,Sommerfeld enhancement: general results from field theory diagrams,JHEP05 (2009) 024 [0902.0688]

work page arXiv 2009
[70]

Griest and M

K. Griest and M. Kamionkowski,Unitarity limits on the mass and radius of dark-matter particles,Phys. Rev. Lett.64(1990) 615

1990
[71]

Cassel,Sommerfeld factor for arbitrary partial wave processes,J

S. Cassel,Sommerfeld factor for arbitrary partial wave processes,J. Phys. G37(2010) 105009 [0903.5307]

work page arXiv 2010
[72]

D. Blas, J. Lesgourgues and T. Tram,The Cosmic Linear Anisotropy Solving System (CLASS). Part II: Approximation schemes,JCAP07(2011) 034 [1104.2933]

work page internal anchor Pith review arXiv 2011
[73]

Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters

Planck Collaboration, N. Aghanim et al.,Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters, Astron. Astrophys.641(2020) A6 [1807.06209]

work page Pith review arXiv 2018
[74]

Bringmann and S

T. Bringmann and S. Hofmann,Thermal relics, observational hints, and the nature of dark matter,JCAP04(2007) 016 [hep-ph/0612169]

work page arXiv 2007
[75]

Gondolo and G

P. Gondolo and G. Gelmini,Cosmic abundances of stable particles: Improved analysis,Nucl. Phys. B360(1991) 145

1991
[76]

Cosmological Perturbation Theory in the Synchronous and Conformal Newtonian Gauges

C.-P. Ma and E. Bertschinger,Cosmological perturbation theory in the synchronous and conformal Newtonian gauges,Astrophys. J.455(1995) 7 [astro-ph/9506072]

work page Pith review arXiv 1995
[77]

M. Viel, J. Lesgourgues, M.G. Haehnelt, S. Matarrese and A. Riotto,Constraining warm dark matter candidates including sterile neutrinos and light gravitinos with WMAP and the Lyman-αforest,Phys. Rev. D71(2005) 063534 [astro-ph/0501562]

work page arXiv 2005
[78]

Murgia, V

R. Murgia, V. Iršič and M. Viel,Novel constraints on non-cold (non-thermal) Dark Matter from Lyman-αforest data,Phys. Rev. D98(2018) 083540 [1806.08371]

work page arXiv 2018
[79]

Sabti, J.B

N. Sabti, J.B. Muñoz and D. Blas,New Roads to the Small-Scale Universe: Measurements of the Clustering of Matter with the High-Redshift UV Galaxy Luminosity Function,Astrophys. J. Lett.928(2022) L20 [2110.13161]

work page arXiv 2022
[80]

López et al.,XQ-100: A legacy survey of one hundred3.5≲z≲4.5quasars observed with VLT/X-shooter,Astron

S. López et al.,XQ-100: A legacy survey of one hundred3.5≲z≲4.5quasars observed with VLT/X-shooter,Astron. Astrophys.594(2016) A91 [1607.08776]

work page arXiv 2016

Showing first 80 references.