A generalized parton shower for arbitrary gauge groups plus a Mamba network on Lund jet planes can distinguish dark gauge symmetries even when non-perturbative hadronization details are unknown.
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Small-Scale Challenges to the ΛCDM Paradigm
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abstract
The dark energy plus cold dark matter ($\Lambda$CDM) cosmological model has been a demonstrably successful framework for predicting and explaining the large-scale structure of Universe and its evolution with time. Yet on length scales smaller than $\sim 1$ Mpc and mass scales smaller than $\sim 10^{11} M_{\odot}$, the theory faces a number of challenges. For example, the observed cores of many dark-matter dominated galaxies are both less dense and less cuspy than naively predicted in $\Lambda$CDM. The number of small galaxies and dwarf satellites in the Local Group is also far below the predicted count of low-mass dark matter halos and subhalos within similar volumes. These issues underlie the most well-documented problems with $\Lambda$CDM: Cusp/Core, Missing Satellites, and Too-Big-to-Fail. The key question is whether a better understanding of baryon physics, dark matter physics, or both will be required to meet these challenges. Other anomalies, including the observed planar and orbital configurations of Local Group satellites and the tight baryonic/dark matter scaling relations obeyed by the galaxy population, have been less thoroughly explored in the context of $\Lambda$CDM theory. Future surveys to discover faint, distant dwarf galaxies and to precisely measure their masses and density structure hold promising avenues for testing possible solutions to the small-scale challenges going forward. Observational programs to constrain or discover and characterize the number of truly dark low-mass halos are among the most important, and achievable, goals in this field over then next decade. These efforts will either further verify the $\Lambda$CDM paradigm or demand a substantial revision in our understanding of the nature of dark matter.
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Dissipation in SIDM halos inverts heat conduction, suppresses isothermal cores, and explains an observed strong lens perturber with smaller cross sections or shorter times than the elastic case.
Non-equilibrium relativistic SIDM halo collapse produces seed black holes of mass ~3e-8 of the halo mass at apparent horizon formation.
Subhalos produce percent-level modulations in saddle and minimum images; matched-filter analysis yields >5σ combined detections in 62% of realizations for fiducial sources near caustics, projecting 10-20 substructure detections over the LISA mission.
The equilibrium radius of self-gravitating dark fermion stars is determined by the fermion mass once the total mass is given, with the Bohm potential supplying outward pressure for heavier species and inward tension for lighter ones.
Core-collapsed SIDM halos produce longer FRB image time delays than CDM halos, enabling future surveys to constrain self-interaction cross sections above roughly 18-40 cm²/g depending on collapse timing.
A scalar-mediated inelastic dark matter model with 100 eV splitting, Z2 symmetry forbidding elastic scattering, and a dimension-5 dipole operator reconciles dwarf galaxy observations with cosmological bounds via resonant enhancement and provides a distinct direct detection signal.
Super-resonant dark matter at O(100) GeV masses amplifies self-scattering and annihilation cross sections via combined resonance and Sommerfeld effects, necessitating coupled Boltzmann equations to match observed relic density.
A method using Balrog synthetic injections corrects spatially variable detection and classification rates in DES Y3 data, reducing relative detection rate standard deviation by a factor of five and lowering bias in stellar stream density power spectra.
Two-component SIDM with velocity-dependent inter- and intra-species interactions produces mass segregation that forms dwarf cores and boosts small-scale strong lensing efficiency by a factor of a few.
Vortex reconnections in BEC/superfluid dark-matter cores can transfer at most 0.06–4.5% of the virial energy in 10 Gyr under fiducial assumptions, so they cannot appreciably restructure the core.
In a decaying dark matter plus semi-cosmographic dark energy cosmology constrained by DESI BAO and ShapeFit, the spherical collapse threshold stays close to the ΛCDM value while massive halo abundance shows pronounced deviations that enable joint constraints on DDM lifetime and dark energy parameter
Finite cores in low-mass dark matter halos produce distinct complex residuals in LISA-band wave-optics amplification that cannot be fully mimicked by lower-concentration NFW profiles and peak at rc/rs ≃ 0.25-0.3.
Lyman-alpha forest data yield m_FDM > 1.9e-21 eV (95% CL) for pure FDM and f_FDM upper limits of 0.07-0.65 for mixed FDM at log10(m_FDM/eV) = -23 to -21.
Using Jeans analysis of Leo II stellar kinematics, the paper constrains the fuzzy dark matter mass m_a and self-interaction parameter f_a, finding 95% CL lower limits on m_a in the (1-10)×10^{-22} eV range for |f_a^{-1}| ≲ 10^{-14} GeV^{-1}.
Inelastic self-interacting dark matter with small mass splitting produces a cutoff in the matter power spectrum at k > 1 h Mpc^{-1} whose location depends on cross-section normalization, velocity dependence, dark matter mass and mass splitting, yielding non-monotonic exclusion regions from Lyman-α森林
Galaxy cluster observations yield two preferred directions with cosmic anisotropy amplitude of about 5.3 times 10 to the minus 4 at roughly 1 sigma overall significance, though higher in the XMM-Newton subsample.
A dark QCD model with a first-order phase transition at 5-6 MeV produces the NANOGrav SGWB amplitude while supplying self-interacting dark matter via a 40 GeV baryon and 20-50 MeV dilaton, linked by entropy dilution.
Null detection of extra lensed images in 3500 mock systems constrains PBH abundance to ≲0.04-0.125% and excludes FDM masses below 0.4-3.5×10^{-22} eV at 95% CL depending on angular resolution.
Gas-dominated galaxies in SPARC exhibit rightward curving geometry in normalized g2-space (r_obs > r_bar), unlike the full sample, indicating the true dynamics and radial dependence of disk mass-to-light ratios.
1D hydrodynamic simulations find that SIDM heat transport competes with gravity to regulate black hole accretion, enabling rapid growth in SIS profiles up to 10,000 solar masses from a 100 solar mass seed in 2 Myr.
Transformer and GBDT models trained on AbacusSummit mocks for DESI LRGs/ELGs recover nonlinear velocity power spectra and cross-correlations better than linear theory across a wider range of scales, with applications to kSZ analyses.
Bayesian analysis of PPTA-DR3 and EPTA-DR2 finds no statistically significant ULDM signals and sets 95% CL upper limits on scalar and dark photon dark matter, improving prior bounds in most mass ranges.
Presents the science case, reference design, and project plan for the CMB-S4 ground-based CMB experiment.
citing papers explorer
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Disentangling Dark Gauge Symmetries with Deep Learning on the Lund Jet Plane
A generalized parton shower for arbitrary gauge groups plus a Mamba network on Lund jet planes can distinguish dark gauge symmetries even when non-perturbative hadronization details are unknown.
-
Cooling, conduction, compact objects: Gravothermal evolution of dissipative self-interacting dark matter halos
Dissipation in SIDM halos inverts heat conduction, suppresses isothermal cores, and explains an observed strong lens perturber with smaller cross sections or shorter times than the elastic case.
-
Non-Equilibrium Relativistic Core Collapse of Self-Interacting Dark Matter Halos -- Limits On Seed Black Hole Mass
Non-equilibrium relativistic SIDM halo collapse produces seed black holes of mass ~3e-8 of the halo mass at apparent horizon formation.
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Wave-optics imprints of dark matter subhalos on strongly lensed gravitational waves. II. Saddle images and detectability
Subhalos produce percent-level modulations in saddle and minimum images; matched-filter analysis yields >5σ combined detections in 62% of realizations for fiducial sources near caustics, projecting 10-20 substructure detections over the LISA mission.
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Self-gravitating quantum stars with a globally relevant Bohm potential
The equilibrium radius of self-gravitating dark fermion stars is determined by the fermion mass once the total mass is given, with the Bohm potential supplying outward pressure for heavier species and inward tension for lighter ones.
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Probing Collapsed Dark Matter Halos with Fast Radio Bursts
Core-collapsed SIDM halos produce longer FRB image time delays than CDM halos, enabling future surveys to constrain self-interaction cross sections above roughly 18-40 cm²/g depending on collapse timing.
-
Scalar-Mediated Inelastic Dark Matter as a Solution to Small-Scale Structure Anomalies
A scalar-mediated inelastic dark matter model with 100 eV splitting, Z2 symmetry forbidding elastic scattering, and a dimension-5 dipole operator reconciles dwarf galaxy observations with cosmological bounds via resonant enhancement and provides a distinct direct detection signal.
-
Self-Interaction of Super-Resonant Dark Matter
Super-resonant dark matter at O(100) GeV masses amplifies self-scattering and annihilation cross sections via combined resonance and Sommerfeld effects, necessitating coupled Boltzmann equations to match observed relic density.
-
Robust Measurement of Stellar Streams Around the Milky Way: Correcting Spatially Variable Observational Selection Effects in Optical Imaging Surveys
A method using Balrog synthetic injections corrects spatially variable detection and classification rates in DES Y3 data, reducing relative detection rate standard deviation by a factor of five and lowering bias in stellar stream density power spectra.
-
Self-Interacting Dark Matter with Mass Segregation: A Unified Explanation of Dwarf Cores and Small-Scale Lenses
Two-component SIDM with velocity-dependent inter- and intra-species interactions produces mass segregation that forms dwarf cores and boosts small-scale strong lensing efficiency by a factor of a few.
-
Vortex-reconnection energy bounds in Bose-Einstein-condensed and superfluid dark matter halos
Vortex reconnections in BEC/superfluid dark-matter cores can transfer at most 0.06–4.5% of the virial energy in 10 Gyr under fiducial assumptions, so they cannot appreciably restructure the core.
-
Spherical Collapse and Halo Formation in a Cosmology with Decaying Dark Matter and a Semi-Cosmographic Dark Energy
In a decaying dark matter plus semi-cosmographic dark energy cosmology constrained by DESI BAO and ShapeFit, the spherical collapse threshold stays close to the ΛCDM value while massive halo abundance shows pronounced deviations that enable joint constraints on DDM lifetime and dark energy parameter
-
Finite-Core Signatures in LISA-Band Wave-Optics Lensing by Low-Mass Dark Matter Halos
Finite cores in low-mass dark matter halos produce distinct complex residuals in LISA-band wave-optics amplification that cannot be fully mimicked by lower-concentration NFW profiles and peak at rc/rs ≃ 0.25-0.3.
-
Lyman-$\alpha$ forest constraints on pure and mixed fuzzy dark matter
Lyman-alpha forest data yield m_FDM > 1.9e-21 eV (95% CL) for pure FDM and f_FDM upper limits of 0.07-0.65 for mixed FDM at log10(m_FDM/eV) = -23 to -21.
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Constraints on Self-Interacting Fuzzy Dark Matter from the Stellar Kinematics of the Dwarf Galaxy Leo II
Using Jeans analysis of Leo II stellar kinematics, the paper constrains the fuzzy dark matter mass m_a and self-interaction parameter f_a, finding 95% CL lower limits on m_a in the (1-10)×10^{-22} eV range for |f_a^{-1}| ≲ 10^{-14} GeV^{-1}.
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Cosmology of Inelastic Self-Interacting Dark Matter: Linear Evolution and Observational Constraints
Inelastic self-interacting dark matter with small mass splitting produces a cutoff in the matter power spectrum at k > 1 h Mpc^{-1} whose location depends on cross-section normalization, velocity dependence, dark matter mass and mass splitting, yielding non-monotonic exclusion regions from Lyman-α森林
-
New constraints on cosmic anisotropy from galaxy clusters using an improved dipole fitting method
Galaxy cluster observations yield two preferred directions with cosmic anisotropy amplitude of about 5.3 times 10 to the minus 4 at roughly 1 sigma overall significance, though higher in the XMM-Newton subsample.
-
Dark QCD Origin of the NANOGrav Signal and Self-Interacting Dark Matter
A dark QCD model with a first-order phase transition at 5-6 MeV produces the NANOGrav SGWB amplitude while supplying self-interacting dark matter via a 40 GeV baryon and 20-50 MeV dilaton, linked by entropy dilution.
-
Probing Dark Matter Substructure with Image Number Anomaly in Strong Lensing Systems
Null detection of extra lensed images in 3500 mock systems constrains PBH abundance to ≲0.04-0.125% and excludes FDM masses below 0.4-3.5×10^{-22} eV at 95% CL depending on angular resolution.
-
Investigating Dark Matter and MOND Models with Galactic Rotation Curve Data: Analysing the Gas-Dominated Galaxies
Gas-dominated galaxies in SPARC exhibit rightward curving geometry in normalized g2-space (r_obs > r_bar), unlike the full sample, indicating the true dynamics and radial dependence of disk mass-to-light ratios.
-
Spherically Symmetric Fluid Simulations of Black Hole Accretion in Self-Interacting Dark Matter Halos
1D hydrodynamic simulations find that SIDM heat transport competes with gravity to regulate black hole accretion, enabling rapid growth in SIS profiles up to 10,000 solar masses from a 100 solar mass seed in 2 Myr.
-
Full Nonlinear Velocity Reconstruction With Transformer and Ensemble Tree Machine Learning
Transformer and GBDT models trained on AbacusSummit mocks for DESI LRGs/ELGs recover nonlinear velocity power spectra and cross-correlations better than linear theory across a wider range of scales, with applications to kSZ analyses.
-
Constraints on Ultralight Scalar and Dark Photon Dark Matter from PPTA-DR3 and EPTA-DR2
Bayesian analysis of PPTA-DR3 and EPTA-DR2 finds no statistically significant ULDM signals and sets 95% CL upper limits on scalar and dark photon dark matter, improving prior bounds in most mass ranges.
-
CMB-S4 Science Case, Reference Design, and Project Plan
Presents the science case, reference design, and project plan for the CMB-S4 ground-based CMB experiment.