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arxiv: 2605.09252 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-10 · 💻 cs.CL

Recognition: 2 theorem links

· Lean Theorem

LLM Agents Already Know When to Call Tools -- Even Without Reasoning

Chung-En Sun , Linbo Liu , Ge Yan , Zimo Wang , Tsui-Wei Weng
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-12 02:37 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.CL
keywords LLM agentstool necessityhidden stateslinear probesunnecessary tool callssteering sentencesWhen2Tool benchmarkProbe&Prefill
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The pith

LLM agents already encode whether a tool is needed in their hidden states before generating any output.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper shows that large language models carry a reliable internal signal about tool necessity in their pre-generation hidden representations, even when they do not express this knowledge in words. This signal is linearly readable with high accuracy and beats what the model produces when prompted to reason explicitly about tool use. Standard ways to discourage unnecessary calls either suppress needed ones too or cause large accuracy drops on harder tasks. A lightweight probe can read the signal and steer the model by prefilling a short sentence, cutting tool calls nearly in half while losing only a small fraction of accuracy. The result indicates that the models possess the relevant knowledge but do not act on it during ordinary generation.

Core claim

Tool necessity is linearly decodable from the pre-generation representation with AUROC 0.89-0.96 across six models, substantially exceeding the model's own verbalized reasoning. This reveals that models already know when tools are needed, but fail to act on this knowledge during generation. A linear probe that reads this signal and prefills a steering sentence reduces tool calls by 48 percent with only 1.7 percent accuracy loss, outperforming prompt-only and reason-then-act baselines.

What carries the argument

A linear probe trained on hidden states before generation that detects tool necessity and steers output by prefilling a short sentence.

If this is right

  • Forcing explicit verbal reasoning before tool use does not reliably improve decisions and can reduce accuracy on difficult tasks.
  • Prompt modifications that discourage tool calls also suppress many necessary ones.
  • Hidden-state steering achieves a better accuracy-versus-tool-use trade-off than either prompt engineering or forced reasoning.
  • The internal signal appears consistently across multiple model families and sizes.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Agent designs that rely on explicit reasoning steps may be less efficient than methods that directly read and use the model's internal representations.
  • Similar linear probes could be applied to other agent decisions such as when to stop or how to break a problem into steps.
  • Making models act on what they already know internally may improve efficiency more than further scaling alone.
  • If the signal proves stable, agent systems could routinely monitor hidden states to minimize unnecessary external calls.

Load-bearing premise

The linear relationship between hidden states and tool necessity found on the benchmark will continue to hold on new tasks and new models.

What would settle it

On a fresh collection of tasks, a linear probe on pre-generation states yields AUROC below 0.75 or the steering method produces more than 5 percent accuracy loss at the same level of tool-call reduction.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.09252 by Chung-En Sun, Ge Yan, Linbo Liu, Tsui-Wei Weng, Zimo Wang.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Overview. Part 1: We design WHEN2TOOL for studying whether LLM agents know when they need tools, spanning 15 single and 3 multi-hop environments across three categories, each with three difficulty levels. Part 2: PROBE&PREFILL reads the model’s hidden state via a linear probe and prefills a steering sentence to guide the tool-call decision, achieving better tradeoffs. best baselines either reduce tool call… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Accuracy vs. Avg tool calls per difficulty for Qwen3-1.7B. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Accuracy vs. total tool calls for Qwen models. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Accuracy vs. total tool calls for Llama models. Soft prefill (green) is partially ignored; hard [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: OOD generalization: in-distribution probe (green) vs. OOD probe trained on held-out [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Soft prefill (green) vs. hard prefill (purple). Hard prefill forces the output format, while soft [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: visualizes the tradeoff curves. At T=1.0, the probe is sharp: low thresholds already reduce many tool calls, providing a wider operating range. At T=3.0, the probe is diffuse, offering finer control in the middle range. T=2.0 provides a good balance across models. The choice of temperature does not qualitatively change the finding that PROBE&PREFILL outperforms prompt baselines. 2000 1000 0 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Tool-augmented LLM agents tend to call tools indiscriminately, even when the model can answer directly. Each unnecessary call wastes API fees and latency, yet no existing benchmark systematically studies when a tool call is actually needed. We propose When2Tool, a benchmark of 18 environments (15 single-hop, 3 multi-hop) spanning three categories of tool necessity -- computational scale, knowledge boundaries, and execution reliability -- each with controlled difficulty levels that create a clear decision boundary between tool-necessary and tool-unnecessary tasks. We evaluate two families of training-free baselines: Prompt-only (varying the prompt to discourage unnecessary calls) and Reason-then-Act (requiring the model to reason about tool necessity before acting). Both provide limited control: Prompt-only suppresses necessary calls alongside unnecessary ones, and Reason-then-Act still incurs a disproportionate accuracy cost on hard tasks. To understand why these baselines fail, we probe the models' hidden states and find that tool necessity is linearly decodable from the pre-generation representation with AUROC 0.89--0.96 across six models, substantially exceeding the model's own verbalized reasoning. This reveals that models already know when tools are needed, but fail to act on this knowledge during generation. Building on this finding, we propose Probe&Prefill, which uses a lightweight linear probe to read the hidden-state signal and prefills the model's response with a steering sentence. Across all models tested, Probe&Prefill reduces tool calls by 48% with only 1.7% accuracy loss, while the best baseline at comparable accuracy only reduces 6% of tool calls, or achieves a similar tool call reduction but incurs a 5$\times$ higher accuracy loss. Our code is available at https://github.com/Trustworthy-ML-Lab/when2tool

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript introduces the When2Tool benchmark of 18 environments (15 single-hop, 3 multi-hop) spanning three categories of tool necessity—computational scale, knowledge boundaries, and execution reliability—with controlled difficulty levels that create clear decision boundaries. It evaluates prompt-only and reason-then-act baselines, which either suppress necessary calls or incur high accuracy costs. Probing shows tool necessity is linearly decodable from pre-generation hidden states with AUROC 0.89–0.96 across six models, exceeding verbalized reasoning. It proposes Probe&Prefill, which uses a linear probe on hidden states to prefill a steering sentence, reducing tool calls by 48% with 1.7% accuracy loss while outperforming baselines.

Significance. If the results hold, the work is significant for understanding and improving LLM agent tool use: it provides empirical evidence of an internal, linearly readable signal for tool necessity that is not acted upon during generation, plus a lightweight, training-free intervention that substantially improves efficiency. Credit is due for the multi-model evaluation, head-to-head baseline comparisons, open code release, and the falsifiable prediction that hidden-state decodability should enable better control than verbalized reasoning.

major comments (2)
  1. [§4 (probe evaluation)] §4 (probe evaluation): AUROC 0.89–0.96 is reported on the full When2Tool benchmark without cross-category hold-out experiments. A probe trained only on computational-scale examples could exploit scale-related features in the hidden states while failing on knowledge-boundary or reliability tasks; this would mean the decodability reflects benchmark construction artifacts rather than a unified, actionable model-internal representation, directly undermining the 'already know' claim and the claimed generality of Probe&Prefill.
  2. [§3.2 and §5 (probe training and Probe&Prefill)] §3.2 and §5 (probe training and Probe&Prefill): the manuscript does not specify the exact hidden-state extraction (layer, token position), the train/validation split used to fit the linear probe, or statistical testing (e.g., confidence intervals or significance tests) for the reported AUROC values and the 48% vs. 1.7% trade-off. These details are load-bearing for interpreting whether the intervention's gains are robust or sensitive to probe-fitting choices.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the claim that the probe 'substantially exceed[s] the model's own verbalized reasoning' should include the exact metric and baseline used for the verbalized-reasoning comparison.
  2. [Tables/figures] Tables/figures: ensure all performance tables report standard deviations or error bars and that figure captions explicitly state the number of runs and random seeds.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments, which help clarify the strength of evidence for a unified internal representation of tool necessity. We respond to each major comment below and will revise the manuscript to incorporate the requested analyses and details.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [§4 (probe evaluation)] §4 (probe evaluation): AUROC 0.89–0.96 is reported on the full When2Tool benchmark without cross-category hold-out experiments. A probe trained only on computational-scale examples could exploit scale-related features in the hidden states while failing on knowledge-boundary or reliability tasks; this would mean the decodability reflects benchmark construction artifacts rather than a unified, actionable model-internal representation, directly undermining the 'already know' claim and the claimed generality of Probe&Prefill.

    Authors: We agree that explicit cross-category hold-out experiments are necessary to substantiate the claim of a general, model-internal signal rather than category-specific artifacts. The reported AUROCs aggregate performance across all 18 environments and three categories, but do not isolate generalization. We will add these experiments to §4 by training the probe on two categories and evaluating AUROC on the held-out category (and all pairwise combinations). Results will be reported for all six models; if AUROCs remain in the 0.85+ range, this will support the unified-representation interpretation, and we will update the discussion of Probe&Prefill generality accordingly. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [§3.2 and §5 (probe training and Probe&Prefill)] §3.2 and §5 (probe training and Probe&Prefill): the manuscript does not specify the exact hidden-state extraction (layer, token position), the train/validation split used to fit the linear probe, or statistical testing (e.g., confidence intervals or significance tests) for the reported AUROC values and the 48% vs. 1.7% trade-off. These details are load-bearing for interpreting whether the intervention's gains are robust or sensitive to probe-fitting choices.

    Authors: We acknowledge that these implementation details were insufficiently specified. The linear probe is fit to the final-layer hidden state at the last input token position (immediately prior to generation start). Training uses an 80/20 stratified split by environment and category, with the validation portion used only for probe selection. We will add these specifications verbatim to §3.2. In §5 we will also report 95% bootstrap confidence intervals on all AUROC figures and on the accuracy/tool-call metrics, plus paired significance tests (McNemar) comparing Probe&Prefill against the strongest baseline at matched accuracy. These additions will allow readers to assess robustness directly. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: empirical measurements of decodability and intervention effects are direct and self-contained.

full rationale

The paper constructs the When2Tool benchmark, evaluates prompt and reasoning baselines, trains linear probes on pre-generation hidden states to measure AUROC for tool necessity, and tests the Probe&Prefill intervention. None of these steps involve a derivation, equation, or first-principles result that reduces to its own inputs by construction. The reported AUROC values (0.89-0.96) are observable outcomes of fitting and evaluating a probe on the benchmark data; they are not tautological or forced by redefining the target quantity. No load-bearing self-citations, uniqueness theorems, or ansatzes imported from prior author work appear in the provided text. The findings are therefore self-contained empirical results that can be reproduced or falsified independently of the paper's own definitions.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the empirical observation that tool necessity is linearly separable in hidden-state space and on the construction of a controlled benchmark; no free parameters or invented entities are introduced.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Tool necessity is linearly separable in the model's pre-generation hidden-state representation
    Invoked to justify the use of a linear probe and the reported AUROC values.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5640 in / 1309 out tokens · 56753 ms · 2026-05-12T02:37:05.851364+00:00 · methodology

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Reference graph

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