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arxiv: 2606.04208 · v1 · pith:KRVKXHUHnew · submitted 2026-06-02 · 🌌 astro-ph.GA · astro-ph.CO

HETDEX Public Data Release 1: Source Catalog 2 and Data Cubes from ~90 sq deg of Integral-Field Optical Spectroscopy

Erin Mentuch Cooper , Karl Gebhardt , Dustin Davis , Chenxu Liu , Barbara G. Castanheira , Owen Chase , Oscar A. Chavez Ortiz , Robin Ciardullo
show 31 more authors
Olivia Curtis Delaney A. Dunne Neal J. Evans II Daniel J. Farrow Maximilian Fabricius Steven L. Finkelstein Caryl Gronwall Nathaniel J. Hamme Gary J. Hill Lindsay R. House Matt J. Jarvis Donghui Jeong Andreas Kelz Eiichiro Komatsu Mahan Mirza Khanlari Hasti Khoraminezhad Wolfram Kollatschny Maja Lujan Niemeyer Hanshin Lee Phillip MacQueen Deeshani Mitra Shiro Mukae Masami Ouchi Jennifer Poppe Meredith C. Powell Mahdi Qezlou Shun Saito Donald P. Schneider Laurel Weiss Lutz Wisotzki Gregory R. Zeimann
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Pith reviewed 2026-06-28 08:54 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.GA astro-ph.CO
keywords HETDEXLyman-alpha emittersemission-line galaxiesintegral-field spectroscopypublic data releasesource cataloglarge-scale structure
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The pith

HETDEX Public Data Release 1 catalogs 426,654 LAEs plus 491,411 OII emitters with positions, redshifts and spectra

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper presents the first public data release from the HETDEX integral-field spectroscopic survey of the sky. HPSC2 expands prior catalogs with four more years of data, new machine learning classifiers, and better quality control to classify and deliver coordinates, redshifts or velocities, and 1D spectra for 426,654 Lyman-alpha emitters at 1.88 < z < 3.52, 491,411 OII emitters, and additional low-redshift galaxies, AGN, and stars. The release covers 86.67 square degrees of non-contiguous fields plus legacy regions and supplies the associated data cubes. A sympathetic reader cares because the untargeted sample supplies ready-to-use data for mapping large-scale structure at cosmic noon without new telescope time.

Core claim

HPSC2 contains 426,654 LAEs, 491,411 [O II] emitters, 19,457 low-z galaxies, 18,303 active galactic nuclei, and 150,608 stars, providing coordinates, redshifts or stellar velocities, and 1D spectra for each source. The catalog derives from 431,713 IFU observations covering 86.67 sq deg and incorporates improved quality control plus new machine learning classifiers on four additional years of data.

What carries the argument

HPSC2, the reprocessed source catalog that applies machine learning classifiers and quality control to integral-field spectra to separate and characterize emission-line sources.

If this is right

  • The catalog supplies ready positions and spectra for statistical studies of LAE clustering over large volumes at 1.88 < z < 3.52.
  • 1D spectra enable direct measurement of line properties and velocities for each classified object.
  • Inclusion of legacy fields such as COSMOS allows direct cross-matching with multi-wavelength data from other surveys.
  • Public data cubes support searches for faint emission lines, though local sky subtraction limits use for absolute surface brightness or very extended sources.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The scale of the LAE sample may support tighter constraints on the growth of structure once clustering measurements are performed.
  • Raw detection databases released with the catalog allow external teams to test alternative classification methods.
  • The non-contiguous sky coverage suggests that future contiguous extensions could improve measurements of very large-scale modes.

Load-bearing premise

The machine learning classifiers and quality control procedures correctly separate the different source classes with low contamination.

What would settle it

Independent spectroscopic follow-up of a random subsample from each class that finds contamination rates substantially above those implied by the catalog would falsify the separation.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.04208 by Andreas Kelz, Barbara G. Castanheira, Caryl Gronwall, Chenxu Liu, Daniel J. Farrow, Deeshani Mitra, Delaney A. Dunne, Donald P. Schneider, Donghui Jeong, Dustin Davis, Eiichiro Komatsu, Erin Mentuch Cooper, Gary J. Hill, Gregory R. Zeimann, Hanshin Lee, Hasti Khoraminezhad, Jennifer Poppe, Karl Gebhardt, Laurel Weiss, Lindsay R. House, Lutz Wisotzki, Mahan Mirza Khanlari, Mahdi Qezlou, Maja Lujan Niemeyer, Masami Ouchi, Matt J. Jarvis, Maximilian Fabricius, Meredith C. Powell, Nathaniel J. Hamme, Neal J. Evans II, Olivia Curtis, Oscar A. Chavez Ortiz, Owen Chase, Phillip MacQueen, Robin Ciardullo, Shiro Mukae, Shun Saito, Steven L. Finkelstein, Wolfram Kollatschny.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Projected distribution of Lyα emitters (‘lae’, red), active galactic nuclei (‘agn’, purple), [O ii] emitters (‘oii’, blue) and low-redshift, non-emission-line galaxies (‘lzg’, green) in comoving space, collapsed in decl. Radial labels indicate comoving distance in Mpc, with corresponding redshift ticks annotated along the wedge. Clustering is evident at low redshift among [O ii] emitters and passive low-z … view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Outline of the two main HETDEX science fields (in red) and the footprint of IFU data cubes in this data release. Colors indicate the image quality of individual VIRUS IFU pointings, quantified as the FWHM of the point-spread-function (PSF) in arcseconds. Fields are (1) the high declination Spring Field (top), which is centered at (13.5h , +51◦ ) and covers ∼ 390 deg2 of the sky, and (2) the equatorial Fall… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Coverage of the four legacy fields included in this release: NEP, COSMOS, SA22, and GOODS-N. Colors indicate the image quality of individual VIRUS IFU pointings (FWHM in arcseconds). The bar in each panel indicates the image scale. As in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: This example demonstrates how large extended sources, such as the planetary nebulae PN G136.7+61.9 displayed here, are identified and masked to prevent false emission-line detections in the catalog and data cubes. Left panel: collapsed data cube highlighting the [O III] 5007 ± 5 ˚A emission line flux over an 8 ′ field centered at the planetary nebula coordinates (RA: 181◦ .8685, Dec: 54◦ .0248 ). The RGB b… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Comparison between aperture-corrected, extracted spectra of LAEs (with their emission wavelength indicated by the grey dashed vertical line) from the internal data model (shown in purple dashed line) and the public data model (shown in blue solid line). The internal spectra come from summing the flux in PSF-weighted aperture, while the dexcube spectral extractions are created from circular apertures with a… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Biweight average flux ratio spectrum comparing SDSS and HETDEX observations of 8,076 AGN. Each spec￾trum was Gaussian-smoothed (σ = 5 pixels) before comput￾ing the flux ratio SDSS/HETDEX at each wavelength. The solid green line shows the biweight location of the flux ratio across all matched sources, while the shaded region indicates the ±1σ biweight spread after sigma-clipping outliers at each wavelength … view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: The redshift distribution of the low-z (∆zbin = 0.01) and high-z (∆zbin = 0.02) galaxy samples in the top and bottom panels, respectively. The low-z sample is a com￾bination of [O II] emitters and LZGs; the high-z dataset in￾cludes LAEs and AGNs. The brightest sky lines are marked by light-yellow vertical bars; these lines suppress the number counts in both distributions. et al. 2022) within the expanded c… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Comparison of HETDEX redshifts with ex￾ternal spectroscopic measurements in the COSMOS legacy field compiled by Khostovan et al. (2026) and visual spectro￾scopic confirmation from DESI–HETDEX (Landriau et al. 2025). Top panel: direct comparison between zHETDEX and zspec, with the dashed line showing the one-to-one relation. Middle panel: normalized residuals, defined as (zspec−zHETDEX)/(1+zspec), as a func… view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Histogram of gHETDEX magnitudes for each source type as measured by summing the 1D extracted spec￾tra, weighted by the SDSS g-band response curve. If mul￾tiple detections exist for the source, the brightest detection is used. The vertical dashed line at gHETDEX=25 represents the HETDEX average sensitivity limit. • oii — Low-redshift galaxies with detected [O II] emission (λ3727 ˚A), classified via Diagnose… view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Examples of [O II] line-flux maps (shown in contours) that are used to measure continuum-subtracted [O II] fluxes for spatially resolved low-redshift galaxies. Elliptical apertures are defined using imaging data from HSC or DECALs as measured in the ELiXer catalog (Davis et al. 2023a). In total, 32,031 galaxies are found to have [O II] line emission that was not initially measured by the HETDEX reduction … view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: RAIC Labs classification label sets used for HETDEX detections. Panel (a) shows the classes applied to emission￾line cutouts, while panel (b) shows the classes for continuum cutouts. stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE), operating on a ±50 ˚A window centered on the emission-line wave￾length. We found that the labels alone lead to too many real sources being assigned low pDEE scores; however the combinat… view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: The y-axis represents the fraction of LAEs that are confirmed from multiple methods (repeat HETDEX ob￾servations, ancillary spectroscopic and narrowband confir￾mation). The x-axis indicates total LAE count from the full LAE catalog based on the plotted thresholds. We consider different confirmation rates for various LAE selection cuts based on a S/N threshold cut (green curve), and threshold cuts for our … view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Structure of the HETDEX Public Data Release 1 (PDR1) IFU data cubes. Each cube is stored in a FITS file named dex cube <SHOTID> <IFUSLOT>.fits, where SHOTID identifies the observation and IFUSLOT the IFU. Cubes have dimensions of 1036 × 104 × 104 (wavelength × spatial × spatial), with a spectral resolution of 2 ˚A over the range 3470–5540 ˚A and a spatial sampling of 0. ′′5. Each file contains a Primary H… view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: Example HETDEX IFU data cube visualization using the CubeWidget tool for shotid = 20190405020, ifuslot = 034. The left panel shows a 2 ˚A wide spectral region at λ = 4518 ˚A, overlaid with circular apertures marking three sources. The right panel displays the extracted spectra: HETDEX J142245.70+520636.2, an LAE at z = 2.717 (blue; detectid 3002870541, S/N=8.7); HETDEX J142244.63+520702.8, an [O ii] galax… view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: Example aperture-extracted spectra of an AGN in COSMOS at R.A.=150.23189◦ , decl.=2.36396◦ using a 3. ′′5 circular aperture. The source is observed multiple times across HETDEX, showing clear evidence of variability. In early observations from 2018, strong Lyα emission is present, but the feature diminishes in later data from 2022 and 2024. This “changing-look” AGN demonstrates the time-domain potential o… view at source ↗
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: Collapsing the HETDEX data cubes into pseudo-narrowband (Lyα, λ = 3563 ˚A ±50 ˚A) and continuum (3800–5200 ˚A) images for the example changing-look AGN in COSMOS shown in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p035_16.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX) is a wide-field, integral-field spectroscopic survey designed to map the large-scale distribution of Lyman-alpha emitting galaxies (LAEs) at 1.88 < z < 3.52 and constrain dark energy at cosmic noon. Using the 10-m Hobby-Eberly Telescope and the Visible Integral-Field Replicable Unit (IFU) Spectrograph, HETDEX obtains >35,000 spectra per exposure over 3500-5500 {\AA} at R~800 with ~1.8 arcsec image quality, enabling an untargeted census of emission-line galaxies across 540 sq deg. We present HETDEX Public Data Release 1 (PDR1), comprising 431,713 IFU observations covering 86.67 sq deg of noncontiguous sky in the Spring (13h, +51{\deg}) and Fall (1.5h, 0{\deg}) fields, along with legacy regions (COSMOS, GOODS-N, NEP, SA22). PDR1 includes the HETDEX Public Source Catalog 2 (HPSC2), an expanded and reprocessed version of Mentuch Cooper et al. (2023) incorporating four additional years of data, improved quality control, and new machine learning classifiers. HPSC2 contains 426,654 LAEs, 491,411 [O II] emitters, 19,457 low-z galaxies, 18,303 active galactic nuclei, and 150,608 stars, providing coordinates, redshifts or stellar velocities, and 1D spectra for each source. Because the data cubes use local sky subtraction optimized for faint emission-line detection, they are not suited for absolute surface-brightness measurements or very extended nearby galaxies. Appendix materials include the full detection catalog, the 1.6 million-candidate LAE sample, and raw detection databases. All products are publicly accessible through the HETDEX data portal (https://hetdex.org/data-results/), including access to a public JupyterLab. HPSC2 is also publicly available via Zenodo (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19581262).

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents HETDEX Public Data Release 1 (PDR1), consisting of 431,713 IFU observations over 86.67 sq deg and the HETDEX Public Source Catalog 2 (HPSC2). HPSC2 reports 426,654 LAEs, 491,411 [O II] emitters, 19,457 low-z galaxies, 18,303 AGN, and 150,608 stars, each with coordinates, redshifts/velocities, and 1D spectra, derived from new ML classifiers and improved QC on four additional years of data. Data cubes, a 1.6M-candidate LAE sample, and raw databases are also released via the HETDEX portal and Zenodo.

Significance. If the source classifications hold, PDR1 supplies one of the largest public samples of high-redshift LAEs for large-scale structure and dark-energy studies at cosmic noon, together with supporting [O II] and stellar samples. Public access to cubes, spectra, and a JupyterLab environment directly supports community re-use and reproducibility.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract / HPSC2 description] Abstract and HPSC2 processing description: the headline source counts (426,654 LAEs etc.) are the direct output of the new ML classifiers and QC pipeline, yet no purity, completeness, contamination fractions, training-set sizes, or test-set performance metrics are supplied. Without these numbers the reliability of the class separations cannot be assessed and the catalog contents remain unverifiable.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful review of the manuscript. We address the single major comment below and will make the requested additions to improve the verifiability of the catalog.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract / HPSC2 description] Abstract and HPSC2 processing description: the headline source counts (426,654 LAEs etc.) are the direct output of the new ML classifiers and QC pipeline, yet no purity, completeness, contamination fractions, training-set sizes, or test-set performance metrics are supplied. Without these numbers the reliability of the class separations cannot be assessed and the catalog contents remain unverifiable.

    Authors: We agree that quantitative performance metrics are necessary to allow readers to assess the reliability of the ML-based classifications in HPSC2. In the revised manuscript we will add a dedicated subsection (placed after the description of the new classifiers) that reports: (i) sizes of the training and validation sets used for each classifier, (ii) test-set performance metrics including precision, recall, F1-score, and confusion-matrix summaries obtained via cross-validation, and (iii) estimated purity, completeness, and contamination fractions for the five source classes. These values will be presented both in the text and in a summary table. The added material will be drawn from the internal validation analyses already performed during classifier development and will be placed in the main text rather than an appendix so that the headline counts can be interpreted in context. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: observational catalog release with no derivation chain

full rationale

This is a data-release paper presenting an observational catalog (HPSC2) derived from raw IFU spectra via processing pipelines, ML classifiers, and QC. No equations, first-principles derivations, fitted parameters renamed as predictions, or self-citation chains are present in the provided text. The source counts are direct outputs of the described pipeline applied to new observations; they do not reduce to prior results by construction. External validation metrics are absent, but that is a correctness issue, not circularity. The paper is self-contained as an empirical release.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

This is a data release paper whose contribution is the catalog and processed cubes rather than new theoretical constructs or fitted parameters.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Standard assumptions in astronomical data reduction and source detection for integral-field spectroscopy hold for the HETDEX pipeline.
    The release relies on established IFU processing techniques without stating new axioms.

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