Charmed baryon-to-meson ratios inside jets as a discriminator of hadronization mechanisms: from color reconnection in p+p to coalescence in Pb+Pb

Ben-Wei Zhang; Enke Wang; Wei Dai; Zi-Xuan Xu

REVIEW

Charmed baryon-to-meson ratios inside jets as a discriminator of hadronization mechanisms: from color reconnection in p+p to coalescence in Pb+Pb

Zi-Xuan Xu, Wei Dai, Ben-Wei Zhang, Enke Wang

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Submitted 22 Oct 2026 · 78 references

Pith's verdict: A genuinely testable sign-flip prediction connecting in-jet charmed baryon/meson ratios to hadronization mechanism, with the main caveat that the Pb+Pb arm assumes coalescence partners are purely thermal and jet-uncorrelated.

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CitationBen-Wei Zhang, Enke Wang, Wei Dai, Zi-Xuan Xu. "Charmed baryon-to-meson ratios inside jets as a discriminator of hadronization mechanisms: from color reconnection in p+p to coalescence in Pb+Pb." arXiv:2610.31316 (2026). https://pith.science/paper/AUWHKDMQ

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Editor's note

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The new thing here is the sign-flip discriminator: color reconnection in p+p gives an in-jet Lambda_c+/D0 ratio above the inclusive one (E>1), while thermal coalescence in Pb+Pb gives a moderate suppression (E<1) at intermediate pT. The paper also shows that both mechanisms shift charmed hadrons toward small z||, with a stronger effect on Lambda_c, and that the radial profile rises with distance from the jet axis in both systems. No one has computed the jet-tagged charmed ratio in Pb+Pb with medium-modified transport plus hybrid hadronization before, so the predictions are new and, importantly, they are falsifiable with existing jet-tagging techniques. I would hesitate to call the sign flip a robust discriminator until the model dependence is tested, but as a first prediction it is worth taking seriously.

The paper's method is sound on its own terms. The controlled comparisons are well chosen: a fragmentation-only baseline in p+p, a coalescence-off run in Pb+Pb, two jet-pT thresholds, and inclusive spectra checked against ALICE data. The authors also honestly flag several limitations: the PbPb/pp ratio is a model decomposition tool rather than an RAA, the 13 TeV z|| data serve only as a shape reference, and their p+p radial profile points opposite to the available ALICE hint, which they explicitly say needs a dedicated common-setup comparison (b83). That is the right way to handle tension with data.

The soft spots are real but not fatal. First, there is no uncertainty quantification anywhere. The free parameters (qhat0, Ds, Peterson epsilon, the coalescence normalization c, Wigner widths, fragmentation fractions) are not varied, so the reader cannot tell how robust the 10-20% suppression is. Second, and more important, the Pb+Pb prediction rests on the model assumption that coalescence partners are drawn only from the local thermal distribution (Sec. III B). That is exactly what makes the coalescence products jet-uncorrelated and drives E<1. The paper cites the thermal-shower recombination literature (Refs. 18, 19) but does not implement or scan that possibility. If real coalescence recruits jet-correlated shower partons, the suppression could weaken or even reverse. The inclusive ALICE agreement does not constrain this angular correlation, so the sign-flip claim is not yet shown to be a general property of coalescence rather than of this particular hybrid model. This should be the main thing a referee asks for: a sensitivity study that adds shower-parton coalescence or at least demonstrates that the sign is stable.

Who is this for? Heavy-ion and QCD phenomenologists working on charm hadronization, jet substructure, and small-system collectivity. It deserves a serious referee and could become a useful benchmark once the model dependence is probed. My recommendation: send it to peer review, ask for parameter sensitivity and an explicit discussion of the thermal-only coalescence assumption, and let the sign-flip claim stand as a prediction rather than a proven discriminator.

What would settle it

Measure the in-jet $\Lambda_c^+/D^0$ ratio in 0–10% central Pb+Pb at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV with anti-$k_T$ jets of radius $R=0.4$ and $p_T^{\rm jet}>10$ GeV/c: the paper predicts a 10–20% suppression ($E<1$) in the $4<p_T^h<8$ GeV/c window, so an in-jet ratio at or above the inclusive value there would falsify the thermal-coalescence picture as implemented. The mirror test is in p+p: at low-to-intermediate hadron $p_T$ the in-jet ratio must lie above the inclusive one ($E>1$) and grow with the jet $p_T$ cut, so an in-jet ratio at or below the inclusive value would falsify the color-reconnection picture. A softer, complementary check is the radial profile, which must rise with distance from the jet axis with the displaced $p_T$ interval differing between the two systems.

Referee report

Significance

If the sign flip is robust, it is a genuinely useful and falsifiable prediction: it separates a vacuum-like, jet-correlated mechanism from an in-medium coalescence mechanism using an observable that inclusive measurements cannot resolve. The paper earns credit for controlled internal comparisons: a fragmentation-only baseline in p+p, a coalescence-off run in Pb+Pb, inclusive validation against ALICE, and explicit decomposition of coalescence and fragmentation contributions. The main limitation is that the Pb+Pb branch of the discriminator is built on the assumption that coalescence partners are only thermal light quarks; if shower-parton recombination contributes, the predicted E<1 suppression can weaken or reverse. The absence of uncertainty quantification on the central E values is a second limitation, since the predicted effect is moderate and sits near the E=1 boundary. With those points addressed, the paper would provide a valuable baseline and a concrete experimental target.

Major objections (3)

[Sec. III B, Eq. (7); Fig. 6 (b128)] The Pb+Pb prediction E<1 is generated because the coalescence overlap samples light quarks only from the local Fermi-Dirac thermal distribution, so coalescence hadrons inherit no jet alignment and are preferentially rejected by the R=0.4 requirement. This makes the central sign-flip claim contingent on the absence of thermal-shower recombination, in which charm quarks coalesce with jet-correlated shower partons (Refs. [18,19]). With both constituents jet-aligned, the resulting hadrons remain inside the cone and the 10-20% suppression at 4<pT<8 GeV/c can weaken or reverse. The inclusive ALICE agreement in Fig. 6 does not constrain that angular correlation. Please add an explicit scan or estimate with a shower-parton component, or clearly restrict the claim to the thermal-partner hybrid model.
[Secs. II and IV, Figs. 2 and 6] The central quantitative statements, E-1>0 growing with the jet pT cut in p+p and E<1 with a 10-20% suppression in Pb+Pb, are presented without statistical or systematic uncertainties. The boundary E=1 is crossed by a moderate effect, and several free parameters of the model, including the Peterson parameter, Wigner-function widths, the normalization constant c, qhat0, and 2*pi*T*D_s, are not varied. A variation table or uncertainty band is needed to establish that the sign is robust rather than a best-fit outcome. The normalization assumption in Sec. III B fixes only the zero-momentum limit of the total coalescence probability, so it does not protect the intermediate-pT prediction.
[Sec. II, Fig. 2 (b58)] The p+p arm uses a single representative implementation, CR-BLC Mode 2, while the discussion and summary state the conclusion as applying to color reconnection generally. Because other beyond-leading-color implementations, such as rope hadronization or spatially constrained color reconnection, may populate the jet differently, the mechanism-level discriminator would be more convincing if the E>1 sign were shown to be stable across at least one additional CR-type implementation. If the claim is intended only for this specific tune, that restriction should be stated explicitly in the abstract and summary.

Minor objections (5)

[Figs. 4 and 7 (b82, b151)] The text correctly notes the limited statistical precision beyond r=0.2; please state the number of tagged jets or provide statistical uncertainty bands in these figures so the reader can judge the stability of the rising radial trend.
[Throughout] The word "sufficient" is misspelled as "sufficient" in the captions of Figs. 4 and 7; please correct it.
[Eq. (1)] The definition of z^ch_|| would benefit from cleaner typesetting of the vector projections; the current arrow notation is hard to parse in the printed version.
[Fig. 5] The caveat that the 13 TeV ALICE data serve only as a shape reference is stated in the text; please repeat this in the figure caption to prevent the comparison from being over-interpreted.
[Sec. II] The shorthand "CR Mode 2" is used interchangeably with "CR-BLC Mode 2"; please define the shorthand once at first use.

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The paper

The paper claims

Requiring a charmed hadron to lie inside a reconstructed jet turns the $\Lambda_c^+/D^0$ ratio into a hadronization-mechanism discriminator: in p+p, color reconnection raises the in-jet ratio above the inclusive one ($E>1$), while in…

The reading

This paper tries to break a degeneracy that inclusive measurements cannot resolve: the enhanced charmed baryon-to-meson ratio $\Lambda_c^+/D^0$ at intermediate momentum is described equally well by color reconnection in p+p collisions and by quark coalescence in the quark-gluon plasma of Pb+Pb collisions. Its proposal is to look at the ratio only among charmed hadrons that fall inside a reconstructed jet, because the jet requirement filters the two mechanisms oppositely. Color-reconnection products are built from the color flow of the hard partons and stay aligned with the jet, so the in-jet ratio sits above the inclusive one; coalescence products are assembled from soft thermal light quarks with no memory of the jet direction, so the jet selection preferentially discards them and the in-jet ratio falls below the inclusive one. The sign of $E \equiv R_{\rm jet}/R_{\rm incl}$ — greater than one in p+p, less than one in Pb+Pb — is therefore proposed as the mechanism discriminator, with the parallel jet momentum-fraction spectra and the radial profile around the jet axis as supporting handles. If correct, this gives future jet-tagged charm measurements a concrete way to tell vacuum-like hadronization from plasma-mediated hadronization.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing device is the jet requirement itself: the anti-$k_T$ algorithm with radius $R=0.4$ acting as a spatial filter that keeps only hadrons correlated with the hard-scattering direction. The discriminator is the enhancement factor $E \equiv R_{\rm jet}/R_{\rm incl}$, the ratio of the in-jet to the inclusive $\Lambda_c^+/D^0$ ratio. Its sign reports whether the hadronization excess is attached to the jet: color-reconnection products inherit the color flow of the hard partons and survive the cut ($E>1$), whereas coalescence products incorporate light quarks whose Fermi-Dirac distributions in the thermal medium carry no information about the jet axis and are preferentially removed ($E<1$). Two supporting observables carry the same physics: the parallel jet momentum fraction $z^{ch}_{||} = \vec{p}_{\rm jet}\cdot\vec{p}_h/|\vec{p}_{\rm jet}|^2$, which shifts toward small values under both mechanisms with the stronger shift for $\Lambda_c^+$, and the radial profile of the ratio as a function of the distance from the jet axis, which rises toward the jet edge under both mechanisms but with different $p_T$ intervals displaced farthest.

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that the in-jet $\Lambda_c^+/D^0$ ratio behaves oppositely under the two mechanisms that both enhance the inclusive ratio. In p+p collisions simulated with color reconnection beyond the leading-color approximation (CR-BLC Mode 2), the in-jet ratio is enhanced at low-to-intermediate $p_T$ relative to the inclusive one — opposite to the light-flavor $\Lambda/K^0_S$ case — because the color-reconnection excess remains correlated with the jet and survives the jet requirement, while the fragmentation-only baseline shows no such enhancement ($E_{\rm FF} \simeq 1$). In 0–10% central Pb+Pb collisions described by the coalescence-plus-fragmentation hybrid hadronization model, the in-jet ratio is instead suppressed moderately at intermediate $p_T$ — about 10–20% in the $4<p_T<8$ GeV/c region for jets with $p_T^{\rm jet}>10$ GeV/c — because coalescence hadrons assembled from soft thermal partons carry no correlation with the jet direction and are preferentially discarded by the $R=0.4$ jet selection. Both mechanisms shift charmed hadrons toward small values of the parallel jet momentum fraction $z^{ch}_{||}$, with a stronger effect on $\Lambda_c^+$ than on $D^0$, so the $z^{ch}_{||}$ spectrum probes recombination-type hadronization essentially independently of parton energy loss. The radial profile of the in-jet ratio rises with the distance from the jet axis in both systems, with the lowest-$p_T$ interval displaced farthest for color reconnection and the intermediate-$p_T$ interval for coalescence.

Load-bearing premise

The entire sign-flip discriminator rests on the premise that the light quarks used by coalescence to build charmed hadrons in the quark-gluon plasma are fully thermalized and therefore carry no correlation with the jet axis; if coalescence in the real system recruits jet-correlated shower partons instead of, or in addition to, thermal partons, the predicted in-jet suppression in Pb+Pb could weaken or reverse, and the p+p arm depends on the parallel premise that color-reconnection products stay jet-correlated.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

In p+p, the in-jet enhancement grows with the jet $p_T$ threshold ($E-1>0$ at low-to-intermediate hadron $p_T$, with $E\to 1$ at high $p_T$), so a harder jet selection sharpens the color-reconnection signal while the fragmentation-only baseline stays flat.
In 0–10% central Pb+Pb, the in-jet ratio is suppressed by 10–20% in $4<p_T^h<8$ GeV/c for jets with $p_T^{\rm jet}>10$ GeV/c, so a jet-tagged $\Lambda_c^+/D^0$ measurement in Pb+Pb is a direct test of coalescence hadronization.
The decreasing $\Lambda_c^+/D^0$ ratio with $z^{ch}_{||}$ is generic to recombination-type hadronization, appearing for both color reconnection and coalescence; the slope flags non-fragmentation physics, while the sign of $E$ identifies which mechanism is at work.
The $z^{ch}_{||}$ spectrum, compared with the fragmentation-only p+p reference, is insensitive to parton energy loss: energy loss largely cancels in the PbPb/pp ratio for each species, so the coalescence effect can be isolated as $R_{\rm coal}$.
The radial profile separates the mechanisms even where the integrated ratio does not: the lowest-$p_T$ bin is displaced farthest from the jet axis under color reconnection, whereas the intermediate-$p_T$ bin is displaced farthest under coalescence.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The same filter logic should apply more strongly to heavier charmed baryons: the coalescence fraction is larger for $\Xi_c$ and $\Omega_c$ than for $\Lambda_c^+$, so one would predict an even more pronounced in-jet suppression in Pb+Pb and an even larger in-jet enhancement in p+p for those species — a hierarchy that could be tested before high-statistics jet-tagged $\Lambda_c^+$ samples accumulate
A multiplicity-selected in-jet measurement in p+p could detect or exclude a small-system quark-gluon plasma: if coalescence operates in high-multiplicity p+p events, the inclusive $\Lambda_c^+/D^0$ ratio would rise while the in-jet ratio changes little, reproducing the Pb+Pb pattern at small scale; the paper notes this scenario but does not implement it.
The sharpest experimental risk to the discriminator is the correlation status of the coalescence partners: if the plasma supplies jet-correlated shower partons rather than purely thermal light quarks, the predicted suppression ($E<1$) in Pb+Pb would weaken or reverse, so measuring how the suppression scales with the jet $p_T$ cut would test the thermalization assumption directly.

Original abstract

Jets separate the products of hard scatterings from the underlying event and thus help to clarify the origin of the enhanced baryon-to-meson ratios observed from small to large collision systems. We investigate the charmed baryon-to-meson ratio $\Lambda_c^+/D^0$ within jets in p+p and Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$~TeV to discriminate between candidate hadronization mechanisms. In p+p collisions, simulated with PYTHIA8 using color reconnection (CR-BLC Mode 2) as a representative beyond-leading-color scenario, the in-jet ratio is enhanced at low-to-intermediate $p_T$ relative to the inclusive one---opposite to the light-flavor $\Lambda/K^0_S$ case---because the color-reconnection-induced excess of the ratio remains correlated with the jet and survives the jet requirement, while the fragmentation baseline shows no such enhancement. In Pb+Pb collisions, described by the SHELL model with a coalescence plus fragmentation hybrid hadronization, the in-jet ratio is instead suppressed moderately at intermediate $p_T$, because coalescence hadrons assembled from soft thermal partons carry no correlation with the jet direction and are preferentially discarded by the jet selection. The sign of the in-jet modification thus discriminates between the two mechanisms. Both mechanisms shift charmed hadrons toward small values of the parallel jet momentum fraction $z^{ch}_{||}$, with a stronger effect on $\Lambda_c^+$, so that the $z^{ch}_{||}$ spectrum probes non-fragmentation hadronization independently of parton energy loss. The radial profile of the in-jet ratio rises with the distance from the jet axis in both systems, with the lowest-$p_T$ interval displaced farthest for color reconnection and the intermediate-$p_T$ interval for coalescence. These results provide the baseline and predictions needed for future jet-tagged charmed-hadron measurements in both collision systems.

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged, kept beside the review and separate from it. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

Compiled by classifier-1.13.0 via TypeSafe API, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-10-23: 1 request, 6,762 input tokens.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.05 · states limitation 0.16 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.87 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.13 · compares with prior results 0.92 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v1. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

Jets separate the products of hard scatterings from the underlying event and thus help to clarify the origin of the enhanced baryon-to-meson ratios observed from small to large collision systems. We investigate the charmed baryon-to-meson ratio $\Lambda_c^+/D^0$ within jets in p+p and Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$~TeV to discriminate between candidate hadronization mechanisms. In p+p collisions, simulated with PYTHIA8 using color reconnection (CR-BLC Mode 2) as a representative beyond-leading-color scenario, the in-jet ratio is enhanced at low-to-intermediate $p_T$ relative to the inclusive one---opposite to the light-flavor $\Lambda/K^0_S$ case---because the color-reconnection-induced excess of the ratio remains correlated with the jet and survives the jet requirement, while the fragmentation baseline shows no such enhancement. In Pb+Pb collisions, described by the SHELL model with a coalescence plus fragmentation hybrid hadronization, the in-jet ratio is instead suppressed moderately at intermediate $p_T$, because coalescence hadrons assembled from soft thermal partons carry no correlation with the jet direction and are preferentially discarded by the jet selection. The sign of the in-jet modification thus discriminates between the two mechanisms. Both mechanisms shift charmed hadrons toward small values of the parallel jet momentum fraction $z^{ch}_{||}$, with a stronger effect on $\Lambda_c^+$, so that the $z^{ch}_{||}$ spectrum probes non-fragmentation hadronization independently of parton energy loss. The radial profile of the in-jet ratio rises with the distance from the jet axis in both systems, with the lowest-$p_T$ interval displaced farthest for color reconnection and the intermediate-$p_T$ interval for coalescence. These results provide the baseline and predictions needed for future jet-tagged charmed-hadron measurements in both collision systems.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	Jets separate the products of hard scatterings from the underlying event and thus help to clarify the origin of the enhanced baryon-to-meson ratios observed from small to large collision systems.	background 1.00	0.07	0.03	asserted 1.00
s1	We investigate the charmed baryon-to-meson ratio $\Lambda_c^+/D^0$ within jets in p+p and Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$~TeV to discriminate between candidate hadronization mechanisms.	contribution 1.00	0.82	0.06	asserted 0.84
s2	In p+p collisions, simulated with PYTHIA8 using color reconnection (CR-BLC Mode 2) as a representative beyond-leading-color scenario, the in-jet ratio is enhanced at low-to-intermediate $p_T$ relative to the inclusive one---opposite to the light-flavor $\Lambda/K^0_S$ case---because the color-reconnection-induced excess of the ratio remains correlated with the jet and survives the jet requirement, while the fragmentation baseline shows no such enhancement.	result 0.99	0.83	0.14	asserted 1.00
s3	In Pb+Pb collisions, described by the SHELL model with a coalescence plus fragmentation hybrid hadronization, the in-jet ratio is instead suppressed moderately at intermediate $p_T$, because coalescence hadrons assembled from soft thermal partons carry no correlation with the jet direction and are preferentially discarded by the jet selection.	result 0.98	0.82	0.15	asserted 1.00
s4	The sign of the in-jet modification thus discriminates between the two mechanisms.	interpretation 0.95	0.78	0.73	asserted 1.00
s5	Both mechanisms shift charmed hadrons toward small values of the parallel jet momentum fraction $z^{ch}_{\|\|}$, with a stronger effect on $\Lambda_c^+$, so that the $z^{ch}_{\|\|}$ spectrum probes non-fragmentation hadronization independently of parton energy loss.	result 0.77	0.87	0.13	asserted 1.00
s6	The radial profile of the in-jet ratio rises with the distance from the jet axis in both systems, with the lowest-$p_T$ interval displaced farthest for color reconnection and the intermediate-$p_T$ interval for coalescence.	result 1.00	0.90	0.06	asserted 1.00
s7	These results provide the baseline and predictions needed for future jet-tagged charmed-hadron measurements in both collision systems.	future work 0.89	0.70	0.10	asserted 0.99

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: simulation study 1.00 · evidence from simulation or computation 1.00.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v1

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

levels run

P abstract

not run

S sections
T body sentences
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R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

Figures

**Figure 1.** , whereas all heavy-flavor results are obtained with CR-BLC Mode 2, adopted as a representative beyondleading-color hadronization scenario. The 4C tune provides a standard Lund string fragmentation reference; CR-BLC Mode 2 implements color reconnection beyond the leading-color approximation, allowing the formation of baryonic configurations (string junctions), and improves the description of the baryon-to-meson ratios in p+p collisions [9, 59]. The fragmentation-only baseline shown together with the heavy-flavor results is constructed from PYTHIA8 parton-level events, with charm…

**Figure 5.** shows the Λ + c and D0 z ch || distributions in p+p collisions at √ s = 5.02 TeV in the kinematic range of the ALICE measurement [48], for CR-BLC Mode 2 (solid) and the fragmentation-only baseline (dashed), with their ratio compared to the ALICE 13 TeV data in the bottom panel. Relative to the baseline, both spectra are shifted toward small z ch || , with a more pronounced shift for Λ + c , so that the ratio decreases with z ch || —opposite to the baseline ratio, which shows only a marginal upward trend consistent with the PYTHIA8 Monash results reported in Ref. [48]—and

Showing 2 of the paper's 11 figures. See all figures in the PDF ↗ Figures reproduced from arXiv:2610.31316 by the authors.

References

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Discussion

Disagree with the review, or know something it missed? Leave a comment, highlight any passage above to comment on it, or challenge this review formally.

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