pith. sign in

arxiv: 2605.20590 · v1 · pith:3V6PSKKRnew · submitted 2026-05-20 · 🌌 astro-ph.GA

Spider-Webb: enhanced star formation in low-mass galaxies within the Spiderweb protocluster revealed by JWST Paβ narrow-band imaging

Kazuki Daikuhara , Tadayuki Kodama , Yusei Koyama , Rhythm Shimakawa , Helmut Dannerbauer , Jose Manuel P\'erez-Mart\'inez , Pablo G. P\'erez-Gonz\'alez , Mariko Kubo
show 5 more authors
Eduardo Ibar Philip N. Best Abdurrahman Naufal Yuheng Zhang Ronaldo Laishram
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-21 04:36 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.GA
keywords star formationprotoclusterlow-mass galaxiesPaβJWSTenvironmental effectsgalaxy evolutioncosmic noon
0
0 comments X

The pith

Low-mass galaxies in the Spiderweb protocluster form stars more actively than field galaxies of the same mass.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper uses James Webb Space Telescope narrow-band imaging to measure Paβ emission from galaxies inside a forming cluster at redshift 2.16. It compares star formation rates derived from this line in the protocluster against those in the general field at matching stellar masses. The key result is that galaxies below one billion solar masses show clearly higher star formation in the dense environment, and this difference remains even before any dust correction is applied. Higher-mass galaxies show no such difference, so the environmental boost appears tied to galaxy mass. This pattern helps explain how dense regions at cosmic noon can speed up the growth of the smallest galaxies.

Core claim

Low-mass Paβ emitters (M⋆ < 10^9 M⊙) in the Spiderweb protocluster exhibit an enhancement in star formation compared to their field counterparts. This excess persists even without applying dust-attenuation corrections. Intermediate- and high-mass Paβ emitters (M⋆ > 10^9 M⊙) show no significant deviation from the field, revealing a strong mass dependence in the environmental effects on star formation. No clear spatial concentration toward the cluster core is seen for the starbursting low-mass galaxies.

What carries the argument

Paβ emission measured through JWST/NIRCam narrow-band imaging, used to derive dust-robust star formation rates for direct comparison between protocluster and field samples.

Load-bearing premise

The chosen field galaxies accurately represent the average population at the same redshift and stellar mass without any special environmental influence.

What would settle it

A new set of Paβ observations in a larger, mass-matched field sample at z=2.16 that shows no star-formation excess relative to the protocluster low-mass galaxies.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.20590 by Abdurrahman Naufal, Eduardo Ibar, Helmut Dannerbauer, Jose Manuel P\'erez-Mart\'inez, Kazuki Daikuhara, Mariko Kubo, Pablo G. P\'erez-Gonz\'alez, Philip N. Best, Rhythm Shimakawa, Ronaldo Laishram, Tadayuki Kodama, Yuheng Zhang, Yusei Koyama.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: The spatial distribution of the Spiderweb protocluster and Field of View (FoV) of the JWST/NIRCam (Spider-Webb project) and Sub￾aru/MOIRCS (MAHALO-deep project; PI, T. Kodama) observation. The central red cross is the radio galaxy PKS1138-032, orange circles are PBEs, black dots are HAEs, squares are dual emitters (HAEs + PBEs), and magenta stars are low-mass PBEs (𝑀★ < 109.0M⊙). Red and blue line show the… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Dust-corrected SFR – 𝑀★ (left) and dust-uncorrected SFR – 𝑀★ (right) for the PBEs in the Spiderweb (red) and COSMOS Field (blue; Duncan et al. 2025; Pirie et al. 2025). The SFRs are derived from Pa𝛽 line flux for PBEs and H𝛼 line flux, respectively. The uncertainties on 𝑀★ are derived from the Bayesian estimates provided by CIGALE. The uncertainties on SFR come from photometric errors. Open squares denote … view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: The SED derived 𝐴𝑉 – 𝑀★ relation for PAEs and HAEs. 𝐴𝑉 and 𝑀★ are derived from SED fitting. The uncertainties on 𝐴𝑉 and 𝑀★ are derived from the Bayesian estimates provided by CIGALE. The symbols correspond to those found in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Understanding the role of the environment in galaxy evolution is key to revealing the physical processes that regulate galaxy growth. We study the star formation activity of \pab\ emitters (PBEs) in the Spiderweb protocluster at $z=2.16$ using \textit{James Webb Space Telescope}/NIRCam narrow-band imaging. To investigate the environmental dependence of star formation, we derive star formation rates (SFRs) from the \pab\ emission line and compare SFRs in the Spiderweb protocluster with those in the field. Our main finding is that low-mass PBEs ($M_\star < 10^9\,M_\odot$) in the Spiderweb protocluster exhibit an enhancement in star formation compared to their field counterparts. This excess persists even without applying dust-attenuation corrections, indicating that enhanced star formation in the protocluster is robust regardless of whether a dust correction is applied. In contrast, intermediate- and high-mass PBEs ($M_\star > 10^9\,M_\odot$) show no significant deviation from the field, revealing a strong mass dependence in the environmental effects on star formation. No clear spatial concentration toward the cluster core of starbursting low-mass galaxies within the protocluster is seen, suggesting that their enhancement is not restricted to the cluster core. We suggest that starbursts in low-mass galaxies are facilitated by environmental processes such as galaxy mergers/interactions, and/or efficient gas supply. While the enhancement at the low-mass end is consistent with trends reported for other protoclusters at similar redshifts, the behaviour of star formation at intermediate masses ($10^{9} < M_\star/M_\odot < 10^{10}$) is not uniform across protoclusters. Our \pab-based results in the Spiderweb protocluster indicate that star-formation enhancement at cosmic noon depends on both mass and the dynamical state of the protocluster.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports JWST/NIRCam narrow-band Paβ imaging of emitters in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.16. SFRs are derived from the Paβ line and compared to a field sample. The central claim is that low-mass PBEs (M⋆ < 10^9 M⊙) exhibit enhanced star formation relative to field counterparts, with the excess persisting even in the absence of dust-attenuation corrections; intermediate- and high-mass PBEs show no significant deviation. The authors interpret this mass dependence as evidence for environmental facilitation of starbursts via mergers or gas supply, and note consistency with other z~2 protoclusters at the low-mass end but differences at intermediate masses.

Significance. If the field comparison proves robust, the result would be a useful contribution to studies of environmental effects on galaxy evolution at cosmic noon. The choice of Paβ as a relatively dust-insensitive SFR tracer and the explicit check that the enhancement survives without dust correction are strengths that increase the credibility of the mass-dependent signal. The absence of spatial concentration toward the core further suggests the effect is not confined to the densest regions.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract and main-results paragraph] Abstract and main-results paragraph: the claim of a low-mass SFR enhancement is stated without accompanying sample sizes, statistical significance, error budgets on the SFRs, or completeness limits. These quantitative elements are required to assess whether the reported offset at M⋆ < 10^9 M⊙ is statistically meaningful or could be driven by small-number statistics.
  2. [Field-sample construction (methods and comparison sections)] Field-sample construction (methods and comparison sections): the manuscript does not specify that the field Paβ-emitter sample was assembled with identical narrow-band selection criteria, depth, redshift distribution, and stellar-mass completeness as the protocluster sample. Without such matching, differential detection thresholds at the low-mass end could produce an apparent excess that is not environmental in origin, directly undermining the central environmental-dependence claim.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The acronym 'PBE' is introduced without an immediate parenthetical expansion; spelling out 'Paβ emitters' on first use would aid readability.
  2. [Throughout] Notation for stellar mass alternates between M⋆ and M_⋆; consistent use throughout would improve clarity.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive feedback on our manuscript. We address each of the major comments below and have made revisions to the manuscript where necessary to improve clarity and address the concerns raised.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract and main-results paragraph] Abstract and main-results paragraph: the claim of a low-mass SFR enhancement is stated without accompanying sample sizes, statistical significance, error budgets on the SFRs, or completeness limits. These quantitative elements are required to assess whether the reported offset at M⋆ < 10^9 M⊙ is statistically meaningful or could be driven by small-number statistics.

    Authors: We agree that providing these quantitative details is important for assessing the robustness of our findings. In the revised version of the manuscript, we have updated the abstract and the main results paragraph to include the sample sizes for the low-mass Paβ emitters in both the protocluster and field samples. We have also added the statistical significance of the observed SFR enhancement, along with error budgets on the derived SFRs and a discussion of the completeness limits at the low-mass end. These additions allow readers to better evaluate the statistical meaningfulness of the reported offset. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Field-sample construction (methods and comparison sections)] Field-sample construction (methods and comparison sections): the manuscript does not specify that the field Paβ-emitter sample was assembled with identical narrow-band selection criteria, depth, redshift distribution, and stellar-mass completeness as the protocluster sample. Without such matching, differential detection thresholds at the low-mass end could produce an apparent excess that is not environmental in origin, directly undermining the central environmental-dependence claim.

    Authors: This is a valid concern regarding potential selection biases. We have revised the methods and comparison sections to explicitly describe the construction of the field sample. The field Paβ-emitter sample was assembled using the same narrow-band selection criteria and depth as the protocluster observations. We have also ensured and now explicitly state that the redshift distribution and stellar-mass completeness are matched between the two samples. This matching was performed to minimize differential detection thresholds, particularly at the low-mass end, thereby supporting that the observed enhancement is environmental in origin rather than a selection artifact. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: direct observational SFR comparison with no self-referential derivations

full rationale

The paper reports empirical measurements of Paβ-derived SFRs for PBEs in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.16 and compares them directly to a field sample. No equations, fitted parameters, or derivations are presented that reduce the reported low-mass enhancement to a self-definition, a renamed fit, or a self-citation chain. The central claim rests on observational data selection and line-flux measurements rather than any internal construction that forces the result. Field-sample representativeness is an external validity concern, not a circularity issue within the derivation chain.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The claim rests on the standard assumption that Paβ luminosity converts to SFR via a fixed calibration and that the chosen field sample provides a fair baseline; no free parameters or new entities are introduced in the abstract.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Paβ emission line flux traces instantaneous star formation rate
    Used to derive SFRs for PBEs in both protocluster and field (abstract).

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5974 in / 1337 out tokens · 48253 ms · 2026-05-21T04:36:10.083965+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

What do these tags mean?
matches
The paper's claim is directly supported by a theorem in the formal canon.
supports
The theorem supports part of the paper's argument, but the paper may add assumptions or extra steps.
extends
The paper goes beyond the formal theorem; the theorem is a base layer rather than the whole result.
uses
The paper appears to rely on the theorem as machinery.
contradicts
The paper's claim conflicts with a theorem or certificate in the canon.
unclear
Pith found a possible connection, but the passage is too broad, indirect, or ambiguous to say the theorem truly supports the claim.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

204 extracted references · 204 canonical work pages · 110 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    The Intriguing Life of Massive Galaxies , year = 2013, editor =

    Mahalo-Subaru: Mapping Star Formation at the Peak Epoch of Massive Galaxy Formation. The Intriguing Life of Massive Galaxies , year = 2013, editor =. doi:10.1017/S1743921313004353 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1017/s1743921313004353 2013

  2. [2]

    The Star Formation Main Sequence in the Hubble Space Telescope Frontier Fields

    The Star Formation Main Sequence in the Hubble Space Telescope Frontier Fields. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa8874 , archivePrefix =. 1706.07059 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa8874

  3. [3]

    Identification of the progenitors of rich clusters and member galaxies in rapid formation at z>2

    Identification of the progenitors of rich clusters and member galaxies in rapid formation at z > 2. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slu029 , archivePrefix =. 1402.3568 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slu029

  4. [4]

    Enhanced Star Formation of Less Massive Galaxies in a Proto-Cluster at z=2.5

    Enhanced Star Formation of Less Massive Galaxies in a Protocluster at z = 2.5. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/826/2/L28 , archivePrefix =. 1607.04040 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/2041-8205/826/2/l28 2041

  5. [5]

    MAHALO Deep Cluster Survey II. Characterizing massive forming galaxies in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.2

    MAHALO Deep Cluster Survey II. Characterizing massive forming galaxies in the Spiderweb protocluster at z = 2.2. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2618 , archivePrefix =. 1809.08755 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2618

  6. [6]

    The Dust Content and Opacity of Actively Star-Forming Galaxies

    The Dust Content and Opacity of Actively Star-forming Galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/308692 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9911459 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/308692

  7. [7]

    Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function

    Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/376392 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0304382 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/376392

  8. [8]

    , keywords =

    SExtractor: Software for source extraction. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/aas:1996164 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1051/aas:1996164

  9. [9]

    doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06637.x , eprint =

    Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003. , keywords =. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06897.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0309134 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06897.x 2003

  10. [10]

    The environmental impacts on the star formation main sequence: an H-alpha study of the newly discovered rich cluster at z=1.52

    The Environmental Impacts on the Star Formation Main Sequence: An H Study of the Newly Discovered Rich Cluster at z = 1.52. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/789/1/18 , archivePrefix =. 1405.4165 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/789/1/18

  11. [11]

    The realm of the galaxy protoclusters

    The realm of the galaxy protoclusters. A review. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s00159-016-0100-3 , archivePrefix =. 1610.05201 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1007/s00159-016-0100-3

  12. [12]

    Massive starburst galaxies in a z=2.16 proto-cluster unveiled by panoramic H-alpha mapping

    Massive starburst galaxies in a z = 2.16 proto-cluster unveiled by panoramic H mapping. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts133 , archivePrefix =. 1210.0972 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/sts133

  13. [13]

    The Spiderweb galaxy: a forming massive cluster galaxy at z~2

    The Spiderweb Galaxy: A Forming Massive Cluster Galaxy at z -0.5ex 2. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/508534 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0610909 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/508534

  14. [14]

    The Massive Hosts of Radio Galaxies Across Cosmic Time

    The Massive Hosts of Radio Galaxies across Cosmic Time. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/517887 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0703224 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/517887

  15. [15]

    , keywords =

    The GOGREEN Survey: A deep stellar mass function of cluster galaxies at 1.0 < z < 1.4 and the complex nature of satellite quenching. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037754 , archivePrefix =. 2004.10757 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037754 2004

  16. [16]

    Cosmic Star Formation History

    Cosmic Star-Formation History. , keywords =. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125615 , archivePrefix =. 1403.0007 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125615

  17. [17]

    The MOSDEF Survey: Dissecting the star-formation rate vs. stellar mass relation using H$\alpha$ and H$\beta$ emission lines at z ~ 2

    The MOSDEF Survey: Dissecting the Star Formation Rate versus Stellar Mass Relation Using H and H Emission Lines at z 2. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/815/2/98 , archivePrefix =. 1507.03017 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/815/2/98

  18. [18]

    The Herschel view of the dominant mode of galaxy growth from z=4 to the present day

    The Herschel view of the dominant mode of galaxy growth from z = 4 to the present day. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425017 , archivePrefix =. 1409.5433 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425017

  19. [19]

    The Star-formation Mass Sequence out to z=2.5

    The Star Formation Mass Sequence Out to z = 2.5. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/754/2/L29 , archivePrefix =. 1205.0547 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/2041-8205/754/2/l29 2041

  20. [20]

    doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09107.x , eprint =

    Kereš, Dušan and Katz, Neal and Weinberg, David H. and Davé, Romeel , title = ". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =. 2005 , month =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09451.x , url =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09451.x 2005

  21. [21]

    Star Formation in AEGIS Field Galaxies since z=1.1 : The Dominance of Gradually Declining Star Formation, and the Main Sequence of Star-Forming Galaxies

    Star Formation in AEGIS Field Galaxies since z=1.1: The Dominance of Gradually Declining Star Formation, and the Main Sequence of Star-forming Galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/517926 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0701924 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/517926

  22. [22]

    MNRAS , keywords =

    The physical properties of star-forming galaxies in the low-redshift Universe. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07881.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0311060 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07881.x 2004

  23. [23]

    Multiwavelength Study of Massive Galaxies at z -0.5ex 2. I. Star Formation and Galaxy Growth. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/521818 , archivePrefix =. 0705.2831 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/521818

  24. [24]

    The reversal of the star formation-density relation in the distant universe

    The reversal of the star formation-density relation in the distant universe. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077525 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0703653 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077525

  25. [25]

    UV Star Formation Rates in the Local Universe

    UV Star Formation Rates in the Local Universe. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/519218 , archivePrefix =. 0704.3611 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/519218

  26. [26]

    A Multi-wavelength View of the Star Formation Activity at z~3

    A Multi-wavelength View of the Star Formation Activity at z -0.5ex 3. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/714/2/1740 , archivePrefix =. 1003.5773 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/714/2/1740

  27. [27]

    The lesser role of starbursts for star formation at z=2

    The Lesser Role of Starbursts in Star Formation at z = 2. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/739/2/L40 , archivePrefix =. 1108.0933 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/2041-8205/739/2/l40 2041

  28. [28]

    Constraining the Low-Mass Slope of the Star Formation Sequence at 0.5<z<2.5

    Constraining the Low-mass Slope of the Star Formation Sequence at 0.5 < z < 2.5. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/795/2/104 , archivePrefix =. 1407.1843 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/795/2/104

  29. [29]

    HerMES: dust attenuation and star formation activity in UV-selected samples from z~4 to z~1.5

    HerMES: dust attenuation and star formation activity in ultraviolet-selected samples from z 4 to 1.5. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1960 , archivePrefix =. 1310.3227 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1960

  30. [30]

    The SFR-M* Relation and Empirical Star-Formation Histories from ZFOURGE at 0.5 < z < 4

    The SFR-M* Relation and Empirical Star-Formation Histories from ZFOURGE* at 0.5 < z < 4. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/817/2/118 , archivePrefix =. 1510.06072 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/0004-637x/817/2/118

  31. [31]

    , keywords =

    The VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project: Evolution of Specific Star Formation Rates out to z 5. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aba044 , archivePrefix =. 2006.13937 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aba044 2006

  32. [32]

    A New Census of the 0.2 < z < 3.0 Universe. II. The Star-forming Sequence. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac887d , archivePrefix =. 2110.04314 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac887d

  33. [33]

    Galaxy Structure and Mode of Star Formation in the SFR-Mass Plane from z ~ 2.5 to z ~ 0.1

    Galaxy Structure and Mode of Star Formation in the SFR-Mass Plane from z -0.5ex 2.5 to z -0.5ex 0.1. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/742/2/96 , archivePrefix =. 1107.0317 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/742/2/96

  34. [34]

    The SFR-M$_*$ Correlation Extends to Low Mass at High Redshift

    The SFR-M _ * Correlation Extends to Low Mass at High Redshift. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aae0fa , archivePrefix =. 1809.04099 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aae0fa

  35. [35]

    , keywords =

    Secondary standard stars for absolute spectrophotometry. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/160817 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/160817

  36. [36]

    Mass and environment as drivers of galaxy evolution in SDSS and zCOSMOS and the origin of the Schechter function

    Mass and Environment as Drivers of Galaxy Evolution in SDSS and zCOSMOS and the Origin of the Schechter Function. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/721/1/193 , archivePrefix =. 1003.4747 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/721/1/193

  37. [37]

    CIGALE: a python Code Investigating GALaxy Emission

    CIGALE: a python Code Investigating GALaxy Emission. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834156 , archivePrefix =. 1811.03094 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834156

  38. [38]

    Analysis of galaxy SEDs from far-UV to far-IR with CIGALE: Studying a SINGS test sample

    Analysis of galaxy spectral energy distributions from far-UV to far-IR with CIGALE: studying a SINGS test sample. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912497 , archivePrefix =. 0909.5439 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912497

  39. [39]

    doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09107.x , eprint =

    Star formation and dust attenuation properties in galaxies from a statistical ultraviolet-to-far-infrared analysis. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09131.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0504434 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09131.x 2005

  40. [40]

    Correlation between star formation activity and electron density of ionized gas at z=2.5

    Correlation between star formation activity and electron density of ionized gas at z = 2.5. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv915 , archivePrefix =. 1411.1408 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stv915

  41. [41]

    Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy

    doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322068 , Eid =. arXiv , Author =:1307.6212 , Journal =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322068

  42. [42]

    The Astropy Project: Building an inclusive, open-science project and status of the v2.0 core package

    The Astropy Project: Building an Open-science Project and Status of the v2.0 Core Package. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aabc4f , archivePrefix =. 1801.02634 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aabc4f

  43. [43]

    The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package

    The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package. apj , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7c74 , archivePrefix =. 2206.14220 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7c74

  44. [44]

    , keywords =

    COSMOS2020: A Panchromatic View of the Universe to z 10 from Two Complementary Catalogs. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac3078 , archivePrefix =. 2110.13923 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac3078

  45. [45]

    , keywords =

    Forming intracluster gas in a galaxy protocluster at a redshift of 2.16. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05761-x , archivePrefix =. 2303.16226 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05761-x

  46. [46]

    New Insight on Galaxy Formation and Evolution from Keck Spectroscopy of the Hawaii Deep Fields

    New Insight on Galaxy Formation and Evolution From Keck Spectroscopy of the Hawaii Deep Fields. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/118058 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9606079 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/118058

  47. [47]

    MNRAS , keywords =

    Down-sizing in galaxy formation at z -0.5ex 1 in the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS). , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07711.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0402276 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07711.x 2004

  48. [48]

    A large H{\alpha} survey at z=2.23, 1.47, 0.84 & 0.40: the 11 Gyr evolution of star-forming galaxies from HiZELS

    A large H survey at z = 2.23, 1.47, 0.84 and 0.40: the 11 Gyr evolution of star-forming galaxies from HiZELS★. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts096 , archivePrefix =. 1202.3436 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/sts096

  49. [49]

    Enhancement of AGN in a protocluster at z=1.6

    Enhancement of AGN in a protocluster at z = 1.6. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1315 , archivePrefix =. 1705.10799 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1315

  50. [50]

    Concurrent Supermassive Black Hole and Galaxy Growth: Linking Environment and Nuclear Activity in z = 2.23 H-alpha Emitters

    Concurrent Supermassive Black Hole and Galaxy Growth: Linking Environment and Nuclear Activity in z = 2.23 H Emitters. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/765/2/87 , archivePrefix =. 1301.3922 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/765/2/87

  51. [51]

    , keywords =

    Excess AGN activity in the z = 2.30 Protocluster in HS 1700+64. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16977.x , archivePrefix =. 1005.1833 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16977.x 2010

  52. [52]

    Starbursts from strong compression of galactic molecular clouds due to the high pressure of the intracluster medium

    Starbursts from the Strong Compression of Galactic Molecular Clouds due to the High Pressure of the Intracluster Medium. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/379054 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0308264 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/379054

  53. [53]

    doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2 , eprint =

    Charles R. Harris and K. Jarrod Millman and St. Array programming with. 2020 , month = sep, journal =. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2 , publisher =

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2 2020

  54. [54]

    astropy/photutils: 1.8.0 , month = may, year = 2023, publisher =

    Larry Bradley and Brigitta Sip. astropy/photutils: 1.8.0 , month = may, year = 2023, publisher =. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7946442 , url =

    work page doi:10.5281/zenodo.7946442 2023

  55. [55]

    and Haberland, Matt and Reddy, Tyler and Cournapeau, David and Burovski, Evgeni and Peterson, Pearu and Weckesser, Warren and Bright, Jonathan and

    Virtanen, Pauli and Gommers, Ralf and Oliphant, Travis E. and Haberland, Matt and Reddy, Tyler and Cournapeau, David and Burovski, Evgeni and Peterson, Pearu and Weckesser, Warren and Bright, Jonathan and. Nature Methods , year =

    work page

  56. [56]

    , keywords =

    Spectroscopic observations of PHz G237.01+42.50: A galaxy protocluster at z = 2.16 in the Cosmos field. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140612 , archivePrefix =. 2109.04396 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140612

  57. [57]

    , keywords =

    Signs of environmental effects on star-forming galaxies in the Spiderweb protocluster at z = 2.16. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2784 , archivePrefix =. 2209.13069 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2784

  58. [58]

    , keywords =

    Accelerated Galaxy Growth and Environmental Quenching in a Protocluster at z = 3.24. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abe62e , archivePrefix =. 2102.06499 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abe62e

  59. [59]

    , keywords =

    Evidence for Gas-phase Metal Deficiency in Massive Protocluster Galaxies at z 2.2. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abe5a3 , archivePrefix =. 2102.05637 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abe5a3

  60. [60]

    , keywords =

    The VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey: The reversal of the star-formation rate - density relation at 2 < z < 5. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039346 , archivePrefix =. 2009.03324 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039346 2009

  61. [61]

    , keywords =

    On the Nature of AGN and Star Formation Enhancement in the z = 3.1 SSA22 Protocluster: The HST WFC3 IR View. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac0f84 , archivePrefix =. 2106.13846 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac0f84

  62. [62]

    The evolution of dust-obscured star formation activity in galaxy clusters relative to the field over the last 9 billion years

    The evolution of dust-obscured star formation activity in galaxy clusters relative to the field over the last 9 billion years. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1897 , archivePrefix =. 1310.6040 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1897

  63. [63]

    The 700 ks Chandra Spiderweb Field. II. Evidence for inverse-Compton and thermal diffuse emission in the Spiderweb galaxy. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244337 , archivePrefix =. 2209.15467 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244337

  64. [64]

    On Near-Infrared H-Alpha Searches for High-Redshift Galaxies

    On near-infrared H&alpha searches for high-redshift galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/273.2.513 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9501026 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/273.2.513

  65. [65]

    An excess of dusty starbursts related to the Spiderweb galaxy

    An excess of dusty starbursts related to the Spiderweb galaxy. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423771 , archivePrefix =. 1410.3730 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423771

  66. [66]

    Galaxy Merger Fractions in Two Clusters at $z\sim2$ Using the Hubble Space Telescope

    Galaxy Merger Fractions in Two Clusters at z 2 Using the Hubble Space Telescope. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab06ef , archivePrefix =. 1902.07225 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab06ef 1902

  67. [67]

    , keywords =

    Caught in the Act: The Assembly of Massive Cluster Galaxies at z = 1.62. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/773/2/154 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1088/0004-637x/773/2/154

  68. [68]

    Merger driven star-formation activity in Cl J1449+0856 at z=1.99 as seen by ALMA and JVLA

    Merger-driven star formation activity in Cl J1449+0856 at z = 1.99 as seen by ALMA and JVLA. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1446 , archivePrefix =. 1805.09789 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1446

  69. [69]

    An enhanced merger fraction within the galaxy population of the SSA22 protocluster at z ~ 3.1

    An enhanced merger fraction within the galaxy population of the SSA22 protocluster at z = 3.1. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2448 , archivePrefix =. 1506.05115 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2448

  70. [70]

    , keywords =

    What boost galaxy mergers in two massive galaxy protoclusters at z = 2.24?. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1543 , archivePrefix =. 2305.10932 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1543

  71. [71]

    Galaxy Merger Candidates in High-Redshift Cluster Environments

    Galaxy Merger Candidates in High-redshift Cluster Environments. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa756a , archivePrefix =. 1705.10849 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa756a

  72. [72]

    , keywords =

    JWST catches the assembly of a z 5 ultra-low-mass galaxy. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slad054 , archivePrefix =. 2212.07540 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slad054

  73. [73]

    The COSMOS2015 galaxy stellar mass function: 13 billion years of stellar mass assembly in 10 snapshots

    The COSMOS2015 galaxy stellar mass function . Thirteen billion years of stellar mass assembly in ten snapshots. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730419 , archivePrefix =. 1701.02734 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730419

  74. [74]

    Mass assembly in quiescent and star-forming galaxies since z=4 from UltraVISTA

    Mass assembly in quiescent and star-forming galaxies since z ≃ 4 from UltraVISTA. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321100 , archivePrefix =. 1301.3157 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321100

  75. [75]

    Spitzer bright, UltraVISTA faint sources in COSMOS: the contribution to the overall population of massive galaxies at z=3-7

    Spitzer Bright, UltraVISTA Faint Sources in COSMOS: The Contribution to the Overall Population of Massive Galaxies at z = 3-7. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/810/1/73 , archivePrefix =. 1505.05721 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/810/1/73

  76. [76]

    The galaxy stellar mass function at 3.5<z<7.5 in the CANDELS/UDS, GOODS-South, and HUDF fields

    The galaxy stellar mass function at 3.5 z 7.5 in the CANDELS/UDS, GOODS-South, and HUDF fields. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424750 , archivePrefix =. 1412.0532 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424750

  77. [77]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    Environmental impacts on the rest-frame UV size and morphology ofstar-forming galaxies at z 2. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2309.15450 , archivePrefix =. 2309.15450 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2309.15450

  78. [78]

    , keywords =

    Enhanced star formation and metallicity deficit in the USS 1558-003 forming protocluster at z = 2.53. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3805 , archivePrefix =. 2312.03574 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3805

  79. [79]

    A Survey of Star-Forming Galaxies in the z=1.4-2.5 `Redshift Desert': Overview

    A Survey of Star-forming Galaxies in the 1.4< -0.5ex < -0.5ex 2.5 Redshift Desert: Overview. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/381960 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0401439 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/381960

  80. [80]

    Spectroscopic Identification of a Proto-Cluster at z=2.300: Environmental Dependence of Galaxy Properties at High Redshift

    Spectroscopic Identification of a Protocluster at z=2.300: Environmental Dependence of Galaxy Properties at High Redshift. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/429989 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0502432 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/429989

Showing first 80 references.