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A Survey on Evaluation of Multimodal Large Language Models

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arxiv 2408.15769 v1 pith:5GUTQ2N6 submitted 2024-08-28 cs.CV cs.AIcs.CL

classification cs.CVcs.AIcs.CL
keywords evaluationmllmsmllmcapabilitiesevaluategenerallanguagelarge
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) mimic human perception and reasoning system by integrating powerful Large Language Models (LLMs) with various modality encoders (e.g., vision, audio), positioning LLMs as the "brain" and various modality encoders as sensory organs. This framework endows MLLMs with human-like capabilities, and suggests a potential pathway towards achieving artificial general intelligence (AGI). With the emergence of all-round MLLMs like GPT-4V and Gemini, a multitude of evaluation methods have been developed to assess their capabilities across different dimensions. This paper presents a systematic and comprehensive review of MLLM evaluation methods, covering the following key aspects: (1) the background of MLLMs and their evaluation; (2) "what to evaluate" that reviews and categorizes existing MLLM evaluation tasks based on the capabilities assessed, including general multimodal recognition, perception, reasoning and trustworthiness, and domain-specific applications such as socioeconomic, natural sciences and engineering, medical usage, AI agent, remote sensing, video and audio processing, 3D point cloud analysis, and others; (3) "where to evaluate" that summarizes MLLM evaluation benchmarks into general and specific benchmarks; (4) "how to evaluate" that reviews and illustrates MLLM evaluation steps and metrics; Our overarching goal is to provide valuable insights for researchers in the field of MLLM evaluation, thereby facilitating the development of more capable and reliable MLLMs. We emphasize that evaluation should be regarded as a critical discipline, essential for advancing the field of MLLMs.

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Cited by 9 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. CrossCult-KIBench: A Benchmark for Cross-Cultural Knowledge Insertion in MLLMs

    cs.AI 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    CrossCult-KIBench is a new benchmark for evaluating cross-cultural knowledge insertion in MLLMs, paired with the MCKI baseline method, showing current approaches fail to balance adaptation and preservation.

  2. CrossCult-KIBench: A Benchmark for Cross-Cultural Knowledge Insertion in MLLMs

    cs.AI 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    CrossCult-KIBench provides 9,800 test cases for cross-cultural knowledge insertion in MLLMs and shows that existing methods cannot reliably adapt to one culture while preserving behavior in others.

  3. AVA-Bench: Atomic Visual Ability Benchmark for Vision Foundation Models

    cs.CV 2025-06 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    AVA-Bench evaluates vision foundation models by disentangling 14 atomic visual abilities with aligned training-test distributions to reveal precise ability fingerprints.

  4. KnowHal: A Knowledge-Driven Benchmark for Comprehensive Multimodal Hallucination Evaluation

    cs.AI 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    KnowHal is a new benchmark that jointly tests entity, attribute, relation, and knowledge hallucinations in multimodal language models using paired true/false questions on shared images.

  5. QoS-QoE Translation with Large Language Model

    cs.MM 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    A new QoS-QoE Translation dataset is constructed from multimedia literature and fine-tuned LLMs demonstrate strong performance on bidirectional continuous and discrete QoS-QoE predictions.

  6. Locate-then-Sparsify: Attribution Guided Sparse Strategy for Visual Hallucination Mitigation

    cs.CV 2026-03 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    LTS-FS locates hallucination-relevant layers in LVLMs via causal attribution on a constructed dataset and applies sparse layerwise feature steering to mitigate hallucinations while preserving general task performance.

  7. Towards Reasoning Era: A Survey of Long Chain-of-Thought for Reasoning Large Language Models

    cs.AI 2025-03 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    The paper unifies perspectives on Long CoT in reasoning LLMs by introducing a taxonomy, detailing characteristics of deep reasoning and reflection, and discussing emergence phenomena and future directions.

  8. Street-Level Geolocalization Using Multimodal Large Language Models and Retrieval-Augmented Generation

    cs.CV 2025-09 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    Using SigLIP retrieval to feed a Qwen2-VL or InternVL2 model with similar and dissimilar coordinates yields reported street-level accuracies of 23.2%, 17.1%, and 24.3% on IM2GPS, IM2GPS3k, and YFCC4k.

  9. Large Language Model-Brained GUI Agents: A Survey

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    A survey consolidating frameworks, data practices, large action models, benchmarks, applications, and research gaps in LLM-brained GUI agents.

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