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CultureLLM: Incorporating Cultural Differences into Large Language Models

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arxiv 2402.10946 v3 pith:6D4NVO37 submitted 2024-02-09 cs.CL cs.AIcs.LG

CultureLLM: Incorporating Cultural Differences into Large Language Models

classification cs.CL cs.AIcs.LG
keywords dataculturellmllmsculturalsamplesaugmentationculture-specificcultures
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Large language models (LLMs) are reported to be partial to certain cultures owing to the training data dominance from the English corpora. Since multilingual cultural data are often expensive to collect, existing efforts handle this by prompt engineering or culture-specific pre-training. However, they might overlook the knowledge deficiency of low-resource culture and require extensive computing resources. In this paper, we propose CultureLLM, a cost-effective solution to incorporate cultural differences into LLMs. CultureLLM adopts World Value Survey (WVS) as seed data and generates semantically equivalent training data via the proposed semantic data augmentation. Using only 50 seed samples from WVS with augmented data, we fine-tune culture-specific LLMs and one unified model (CultureLLM-One) for 9 cultures covering rich and low-resource languages. Extensive experiments on 60 culture-related datasets demonstrate that CultureLLM significantly outperforms various counterparts such as GPT-3.5 (by 8.1%) and Gemini Pro (by 9.5%) with comparable performance to GPT-4 or even better. Our human study shows that the generated samples are semantically equivalent to the original samples, providing an effective solution for LLMs augmentation. Code is released at https://github.com/Scarelette/CultureLLM.

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Forward citations

Cited by 7 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

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    cs.CL 2025-10 reject novelty 6.0

    The full text builds the MENA Values benchmark (864 questions, 7 models) and reports that LLM cultural answers shift with language, decline with reasoning prompts, and hide strong internal preferences behind refusals—...

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