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Quantum Cloud Computing: A Review, Open Problems, and Future Directions

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arxiv 2404.11420 v1 pith:6JKKATWG submitted 2024-04-17 cs.ET cs.DC

classification cs.ETcs.DC
keywords quantumcloudcomputingproblemsdirectionsfutureincludingopen
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Quantum cloud computing is an emerging paradigm of computing that empowers quantum applications and their deployment on quantum computing resources without the need for a specialized environment to host and operate physical quantum computers. This paper reviews recent advances, identifies open problems, and proposes future directions in quantum cloud computing. It discusses the state-of-the-art quantum cloud advances, including the various cloud-based models, platforms, and recently developed technologies and software use cases. Furthermore, it discusses different aspects of the quantum cloud, including resource management, quantum serverless, security, and privacy problems. Finally, the paper examines open problems and proposes the future directions of quantum cloud computing, including potential opportunities and ongoing research in this emerging field.

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Cited by 14 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Routing Anonymity and Identifiability of Noisy Quantum Hardware

    quant-ph 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    The paper formalizes backend identifiability as hypothesis testing, proves anonymity decays at the Chernoff rate under persistent i.i.d. probing, establishes a utility-anonymity trade-off, and demonstrates 87-100% bac...

  2. Performance Model for Hybrid Quantum-Classical Workflows

    quant-ph 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A two-level runtime model decomposes hybrid quantum-classical cycles into quantum, classical, and communication time, allowing a communication-to-computation ratio to classify workflows as compute- or communication-bound.

  3. Comparing Classical Simulation and Sample-Based Learning of Quantum Systems

    quant-ph 2026-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    For random MPS and Clifford+T circuits, increases in entanglement or T-count correlate with sharper loss minima and worse reconstruction under constrained neural capacity.

  4. Evaluation of Noise and Crosstalk in Neutral Atom Quantum Computers

    quant-ph 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Co-located simulations on a neutral atom machine interfere more when placed closer, and a moving target defense that relocates the victim restores fidelity to about 0.995 in simulator tests.

  5. Optimizing Resource Allocation in a Distributed Quantum Computing Cloud: A Game-Theoretic Approach

    quant-ph 2025-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    Introduces QC-PRAGM and QC-PRAGM++ game models for partitioning quantum circuits in a distributed cloud, proving a 4/3 approximation on total client cost and reporting simulation gains over baselines in cost and commu...

  6. Systematic Experiment Tracking in Quantum Software: A Case Study of Reservoir Computing with Error Mitigation

    quant-ph 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.5 of 10

    MLflow-style experiment tracking, extended with quantum provenance, supports reproducible multi-stage quantum software pipelines, shown on error-mitigated quantum reservoir computing for chaotic time-series prediction.

  7. Nonclassicality of a delayed remote-controlled quantum computing model

    quant-ph 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    A class of delayed RCQC models exhibits nonclassicality in a semi-device-independent prepare-and-measure scenario via dimension-witness violations, with reversed temporal order.

  8. Quantum computing for accurate large-scale electronic-structure calculations: DFT-embedded, post-processed quantum-selected configuration interaction

    physics.chem-ph 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    A DFT-embedded quantum-selected configuration interaction framework combines quantum and classical methods to achieve ~1 kcal/mol accuracy on large-scale chemical systems using a subset of qubits from a 144-qubit quan...

  9. Joint Optimization of Qubit Leasing and Quantum Circuit Distribution

    quant-ph 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Formulates JQLQCD as ILP, proves NP-completeness, solves special cases in closed form or polynomial time, and evaluates a greedy algorithm with local search on large instances via numerical computations.

  10. Comparing Classical Simulation and Sample-Based Learning of Quantum Systems

    quant-ph 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Empirical study finds neural-network learning difficulty (via Hessian eigenvalue and random subspace optimization) correlates with classical simulation hardness parameterized by MPS bond dimension and T-gate count.

  11. Toward Secure Multitenant Quantum Computing: Circuit Affinity, Crosstalk Patterns, and Grouping Strategies

    quant-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Crosstalk patterns between quantum circuits on IBM processors are predictable by circuit type and hardware architecture, with high intra-revision consistency and topological decoupling between lattice types.

  12. QCOEM: Quantum Cloud Orchestration with Evolutionary Multi-Objective Optimization

    cs.DC 2026-07 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    QCOEM applies NSGA-II/III with AASF to quantum task scheduling and reports roughly 30% higher modeled fidelity and zero rescheduling versus noise-agnostic heuristics in emulation.

  13. Future-Proofing Cloud Security Against Quantum Attacks: Risk, Transition, and Mitigation Strategies

    cs.CR 2025-09 unverdicted novelty 4.0 of 10

    This survey analyzes quantum vulnerabilities in cloud computing and provides a structured framework for transitioning to post-quantum cryptography with risk assessments and deployment roadmaps.

  14. Localized Kernel Methods for Signal Processing

    eess.SP 2025-08 reject novelty 2.0 of 10

    The manuscript is internally inconsistent: the abstract describes localized kernel signal processing, while the body is a different paper on quantum task scheduling, leaving the abstract's claims entirely unsupported.

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