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Gravitational Waves from Domain Wall Collapse, and Application to Nanohertz Signals with QCD-coupled Axions
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Gravitational Waves from Domain Wall Collapse, and Application to Nanohertz Signals with QCD-coupled Axions
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We study for the first time the gravitational waves generated during the collapse of domain walls, incorporating the potential bias in the lattice simulations. The final stages of domain wall collapse are crucial for the production of gravitational waves, but have remained unexplored due to computational difficulties. As a significant application of this new result, we show that the observed NANOGrav, EPTA, PPTA, and CPTA data, which indicate stochastic gravitational waves in the nanohertz regime, can be attributed to axion domain walls coupled to QCD. In our model, non-perturbative effects of QCD induce a temperature-dependent bias around the QCD crossover, inducing the rapid collapse of the domain walls. We use sophisticated lattice simulations that account for the temperature-dependent bias to measure the gravitational waves resulting from the domain wall annihilation. We also discuss the future prospects for accelerator-based searches for the axion and the potential for the formation and detection of primordial black holes.
Forward citations
Cited by 17 Pith papers
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Outcomes of Grand Unified Symmetry Breaking
Numerical SU(3) simulations find biased domain walls both absorb and produce magnetic monopoles, so wall collapse can leave residual monopoles and may source GWs or magnetically charged black holes.
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Cuspidal Singularities in Collapsing Domain Walls
Collapsing domain walls generically form cuspidal edge and vertex singularities captured by Nambu-Goto and eikonal approximations and reproduced in field theory simulations.
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Domain walls through different cosmologies
Domain-wall network area scales as S ≈ 2ξV/τ with ξ≈1.2 across cosmologies from dust to near-Minkowski, so the particle horizon—not H⁻¹—sets the correlation length and GW peak.
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Fixing IR tail of gravitational waves from domain walls
Per-mode time averaging after source shutdown removes nonphysical IR wiggles in simulated GW spectra from domain walls; PRS scaling yields incorrect spectra even with rescaled sources.
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Biased Domain Wall Networks and their Gravitational Waves
Population-biased domain wall networks annihilate at T_ann ~ T_s B_s^0.8 and emit a single-broken-power-law gravitational-wave spectrum peaking near twice the Hubble scale.
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PBHs and GWs from Scaling Monopoles
Scaling monopoles generate PBHs via stochastic overdensities and GWs with correlated spectra, potentially with magnetically charged PBHs as a signature if the scaling ends via gauge boson mass.
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Primordial Black Hole from Tensor-induced Density Fluctuation: First-order Phase Transitions and Domain Walls
Tensor perturbations from first-order phase transitions and domain wall annihilation induce curvature fluctuations at second order that form primordial black holes, allowing asteroid-mass PBHs to comprise all dark mat...
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Accidental Peccei-Quinn Symmetry from Chiral Gauge Symmetry and Mirror QCD
A chiral U(1) gauge symmetry generates an accidental Peccei-Quinn symmetry broken by mirror QCD, solving the strong CP problem without a light axion while supplying WIMP dark matter, stochastic gravitational waves, an...
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Spontaneous Baryogenesis from Axions on Induced Electroweak Walls
An axion-like particle's domain wall or shock wave induces an electroweak phase boundary whose motion creates a local B+L chemical potential that biases active sphalerons to generate net baryon asymmetry.
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Cosmic string gravitational wave backgrounds at LISA: II. Reconstruction of conventional signals over astrophysical foregrounds
When realistic astrophysical foregrounds are included, LISA can reconstruct the cosmic-string tension to 10% precision only for Gμ ≳ 10^{-11}, 10^5 times larger than foreground-free forecasts.
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Radiative Lifting of $\mathbb{Z}_3$ Domain-Wall Degeneracy in a Type-III Seesaw Model: Implications for Leptogenesis and Gravitational Waves
A Z3-symmetric Type-III seesaw model uses radiative Coleman-Weinberg effects to lift vacuum degeneracy and annihilate domain walls, fitting neutrino data, generating baryon asymmetry via leptogenesis at 10^9 GeV tripl...
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Primordial Black Hole from Tensor-induced Density Fluctuation: First-order Phase Transitions and Domain Walls
Tensor perturbations from FOPT and domain-wall sources are claimed to induce second-order scalar perturbations large enough to form primordial black holes, potentially all of the dark matter.
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Constraints on the inflationary vacuum and reheating era from NANOGrav
NANOGrav data favors a blue-tilted tensor spectrum with nt ≈ 2.2, radiation-dominated reheating, and alpha-vacuum states over standard Bunch-Davies, with a frequency-dependent alpha suggested to resolve the blue-tilt tension.
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Searching Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background Landscape Across Frequency Bands
A hybrid cosmic string–domain wall model can fit the NANOGrav 15-year signal, and its high-frequency tail lies within LISA's projected reach, making the interpretation testable.
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Beyond the Daisy Chain: Running and the 3D EFT View of Supercooled Phase Transitions
With renormalisation-group running included, the one-loop high-temperature Daisy-resummed potential at µ=πT reproduces the phase-transition parameters of the two-loop dimensionally reduced EFT, while the no-running on...
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Domain walls and magnetic monopoles in Grand Unified Models
In an SU(3) non-Abelian gauge theory, magnetic monopole number density is suppressed for small bias parameter ε of domain walls, allowing few monopoles to survive.
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NANOGrav 15-year gravitational-wave signals from binary supermassive black-holes seeded by primordial black holes, and implications for the origins of Little Red Dots
A PBH abundance of 10^-14–10^-12 of CDM, with seed masses 1–10^3 M_sun, is fitted to the NANOGrav 15-year background via SMBH mergers, consistent with 21-cm limits.
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