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Pinching Antennas: Principles, Applications and Challenges
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Pinching Antennas: Principles, Applications and Challenges
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Flexible-antenna systems, such as fluid antennas and movable antennas, have been recognized as key enabling technologies for sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks, as they can intelligently reconfigure the effective channel gains of the users and hence significantly improve their data transmission capabilities. However, existing flexible-antenna systems have been designed to combat small-scale fading in non-line-of-sight (NLoS) conditions. As a result, they lack the ability to establish line-of-sight links, which are typically 100 times stronger than NLoS links. In addition, existing flexible-antenna systems have limited flexibility, where adding/removing an antenna is not straightforward. This article introduces an innovative flexible-antenna system called pinching antennas, which are realized by applying small dielectric particles to waveguides. We first describe the basics of pinching-antenna systems and their ability to provide strong LoS links by deploying pinching antennas close to the users as well as their capability to scale up/down the antenna system. We then focus on communication scenarios with different numbers of waveguides and pinching antennas, where innovative approaches to implement multiple-input multiple-output and non-orthogonal multiple access are discussed. In addition, promising 6G-related applications of pinching antennas, including integrated sensing and communication and next-generation multiple access, are presented. Finally, important directions for future research, such as waveguide deployment and channel estimation, are highlighted.
Forward citations
Cited by 10 Pith papers
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Electronically Reconfigurable Pinching Antennas for Millimeter-Wave Communication in LoS and NLoS Environments
Electronically reconfigurable pinching antenna design uses varactor tuning on a waveguide to enable controllable mm-wave radiation points that support links around blockages, demonstrated via full-wave simulations.
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On the Blockage Effect in Pinching-Antenna Systems (PASS)
Obstacles modeled as random cylinders in a Poisson field give closed-form outage and rate formulas for pinching-antenna systems, with the sliding antenna beating a fixed center antenna.
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Spacing-Based Coupling Radiation Control in Pinching-Antennas Systems for Heterogeneous NOMA Users
Spacing-controlled radiation in pinching-antenna systems enables higher semantic spectral efficiency for heterogeneous NOMA users while meeting bit-user QoS constraints.
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Optimization for Pinching Antennas System With Multiple Carriers and Rate Splitting Multiple Access
A two-stage optimization of pinching antenna positions in RSMA multi-carrier systems yields higher sum rates and greater robustness to position inaccuracies than alternative multiple access schemes.
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Waveguide to Meaning: Semantic-Aware NOMA for Pinching-Antenna Systems
Semantic-aware NOMA in pinching-antenna systems yields higher semantic spectral efficiency than fixed-antenna baselines while satisfying bit-user QoS constraints.
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C-PASS: Center-Fed Pinching Antenna System
Center-fed pinching antenna systems achieve twice the degrees of freedom and an extra O(P_T ln^4 N/N^2) multiplexing gain over a co-located end-fed baseline.
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On Systematic Performance of 3-D Holographic MIMO: Clarke, Kronecker, and 3GPP Models
3-D holographic MIMO arrays achieve higher EDOF, narrower beamwidths, and ~20% capacity gains over 2-D baselines in Clarke, Kronecker, and 3GPP urban macro channels when electromagnetic effects are modeled.
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Uplink RSMA for Pinching-Antenna Systems
Closed-form outage probabilities for a two-user, two-antenna uplink pinching-antenna system with rate-splitting multiple access, with simulations showing RSMA outperforming NOMA.
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Rate Maximization for Multi-Waveguide PASS: A Hierarchical User Scheduling and Joint Optimization Framework
A hierarchical user scheduling and joint optimization framework is developed for sum rate maximization in multi-waveguide PASS, with numerical results showing gains over random pairing and maximum ratio transmission.
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Rate Optimization for Downlink URLLC via Pinching Antenna Arrays
For a single-user downlink with pinching antennas, the proposed design clusters antennas near the user's x-coordinate at minimum spacing, then fine-tunes positions to align phases for coherent combining.
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