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Making Language Models Better Tool Learners with Execution Feedback

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arxiv 2305.13068 v3 pith:HG6METM5 submitted 2023-05-22 cs.CL cs.AIcs.HCcs.IRcs.LG

Making Language Models Better Tool Learners with Execution Feedback

classification cs.CL cs.AIcs.HCcs.IRcs.LG
keywords toolstoolmodelslanguagelearningexecutionfeedbacktrice
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Tools serve as pivotal interfaces that enable humans to understand and reshape the environment. With the advent of foundation models, AI systems can utilize tools to expand their capabilities and interact with the real world. Existing tool learning methodologies, encompassing supervised fine-tuning and prompt engineering approaches, often induce large language models to utilize tools indiscriminately, as complex tasks often exceed their own competencies. However, introducing tools for simple tasks, which the models themselves can readily resolve, can inadvertently propagate errors rather than enhance performance. This leads to the research question: can we teach language models when and how to use tools? To meet this need, we propose Tool leaRning wIth exeCution fEedback (TRICE), a two-stage end-to-end framework that enables the model to continually learn through feedback derived from tool execution, thereby learning when and how to use tools effectively. Experimental results, backed by further analysis, show that TRICE can make the large language model selectively use tools by improving the accuracy of tool usage while enhancing insufficient tool learning and mitigating excessive reliance on tools. Code is available at https://github.com/zjunlp/TRICE.

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Forward citations

Cited by 7 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. API-Bank: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Tool-Augmented LLMs

    cs.CL 2023-04 conditional novelty 8.0

    API-Bank is a new benchmark and training dataset for tool-augmented LLMs that shows fine-tuned models can approach GPT-3.5 tool-use effectiveness.

  2. Dynamic Tool Dependency Retrieval for Lightweight Function Calling

    cs.LG 2025-12 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    DTDR dynamically retrieves relevant tools by modeling dependencies from demonstrations and conditioning on the evolving agent plan, improving function calling success rates by 23-104% over static retrievers across benchmarks.

  3. Prompt Injection Attack to Tool Selection in LLM Agents

    cs.CR 2025-04 conditional novelty 7.0

    ToolHijacker optimizes malicious tool documents via a two-phase strategy to hijack LLM agents' tool selection in no-box settings.

  4. PORTS: Preference-Optimized Retrievers for Tool Selection with Large Language Models

    cs.IR 2026-07 accept novelty 6.5

    PORTS fine-tunes dense retrievers for LLM tool selection via odds-ratio preference optimization driven by a frozen LLM's log-likelihood of the gold tool call, plus contrastive semantic loss.

  5. Gecko: A Simulation Environment with Stateful Feedback for Refining Agent Tool Calls

    cs.SE 2026-02 conditional novelty 6.0

    A simulated tool environment with argument validation, response synthesis, and task-state feedback improves LLM tool-call accuracy at test time.

  6. NaviAgent: Bilevel Planning on Tool Navigation Graph for Large-Scale Orchestration

    cs.AI 2025-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    NaviAgent decouples task planning from tool execution via a Tool World Navigation Model graph to improve scalability and success rates in LLM agents handling large tool ecosystems.

  7. Large Language Model Agent: A Survey on Methodology, Applications and Challenges

    cs.CL 2025-03 accept novelty 3.0

    A survey that deconstructs LLM agent systems via a methodology-centered taxonomy linking design principles to emergent behaviors, applications, and challenges.