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The Death of Schema Linking? Text-to-SQL in the Age of Well-Reasoned Language Models

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arxiv 2408.07702 v2 pith:IHOBR7AC submitted 2024-08-14 cs.CL

The Death of Schema Linking? Text-to-SQL in the Age of Well-Reasoned Language Models

classification cs.CL
keywords schemalinkingtext-to-sqlgenerationmodelsaccuracycolumnselements
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Schema linking is a crucial step in Text-to-SQL pipelines. Its goal is to retrieve the relevant tables and columns of a target database for a user's query while disregarding irrelevant ones. However, imperfect schema linking can often exclude required columns needed for accurate query generation. In this work, we revisit schema linking when using the latest generation of large language models (LLMs). We find empirically that newer models are adept at utilizing relevant schema elements during generation even in the presence of large numbers of irrelevant ones. As such, our Text-to-SQL pipeline entirely forgoes schema linking in cases where the schema fits within the model's context window in order to minimize issues due to filtering required schema elements. Furthermore, instead of filtering contextual information, we highlight techniques such as augmentation, selection, and correction, and adopt them to improve the accuracy of our Text-to-SQL pipeline. Our approach ranks first on the BIRD benchmark achieving an accuracy of 71.83%.

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Cited by 14 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Same Data, Different Schemas: Robustness of LLM-based Text-to-SQL

    cs.DB 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    A new evaluation framework generates equivalent schemas from an E/R model and shows that LLMs produce SQL queries with different answers across those schemas for fixed questions and data.

  2. CA-SQL: Complexity-Aware Inference Time Reasoning for Text-to-SQL via Exploration and Compute Budget Allocation

    cs.CL 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    CA-SQL achieves 51.72% execution accuracy on the challenging tier of the BIRD benchmark using GPT-4o-mini by scaling exploration breadth according to estimated task difficulty, evolutionary prompt seeding, and candida...

  3. EXPO-SQL: Execution-based Clause-level Policy Optimization for Text-to-SQL

    cs.CL 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    EXPO-SQL improves Text-to-SQL by using clause-level rewards derived from execution error messages and incremental clause execution instead of uniform query-level rewards.

  4. Draft-Refine-Optimize: Self-Evolved Learning for Natural Language to MongoDB Query Generation

    cs.DB 2026-03 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    EvoMQL uses iterative Draft-Refine-Optimize cycles with execution feedback to reach 76.6% accuracy on EAI and 83.1% on TEND benchmarks for natural language to MongoDB query generation.

  5. DeepEye-SQL: A Software-Engineering-Inspired Text-to-SQL Framework

    cs.DB 2025-10 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    DeepEye-SQL applies SDLC-inspired orchestration to Text-to-SQL, achieving 73.5% on BIRD-Dev, 75.07% on BIRD-Test, and 89.8% on Spider-Test with ~30B MoE models.

  6. EviLink: Multi-Path Schema Linking with Uncertainty-Guided Evidence Acquisition for Large-Scale Text-to-SQL

    cs.CL 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    EviLink combines multi-hypothesis schema grounding with uncertainty-guided evidence acquisition, reporting 90.15% field-level recall and 123.30K average tokens on Spider2-Snow while improving downstream SQL generation.

  7. Data-aware candidate selection in NL2SQL translation via small separating instances

    cs.DB 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    A selection technique based on separating instances and provenance outperforms baselines for choosing among 2-3 NL2SQL candidates on a BIRD-DEV subset without consistency scores.

  8. EGREFINE: An Execution-Grounded Optimization Framework for Text-to-SQL Schema Refinement

    cs.DB 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    EGRefine optimizes column renamings via execution-grounded verification and view materialization to recover Text-to-SQL accuracy lost to schema naming issues while guaranteeing query equivalence.

  9. Cheaper, Better, Faster, Stronger: Robust Text-to-SQL without Chain-of-Thought or Fine-Tuning

    cs.CL 2025-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    N-rep consistency achieves comparable BIRD benchmark scores for text-to-SQL at $0.039 per query by combining multiple schema representations, without chain-of-thought reasoning or fine-tuning.

  10. Knapsack Optimization-based Schema Linking for LLM-based Text-to-SQL Generation

    cs.CL 2025-02 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    KaSLA applies knapsack optimization hierarchically to schema linking for LLM text-to-SQL, claiming better results than large models and improved SQL generation on Spider and BIRD.

  11. AttnLink: Turning Attention into Schema Links for Text-to-SQL

    cs.CL 2026-08 conditional novelty 5.0

    Attention from an LLM's generation-start position, pooled over schema candidates, yields millisecond-scale, controllable schema-linking scores that beat prior linkers on three benchmarks.

  12. XiYan-SQL: A Novel Multi-Generator Framework For Text-to-SQL

    cs.CL 2025-07 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    XiYan-SQL achieves SOTA Text-to-SQL accuracy by combining schema filtering, a multi-generator ensemble fine-tuned on varied SQL formats, and a selection model.

  13. CHESS: Contextual Harnessing for Efficient SQL Synthesis

    cs.LG 2024-05 conditional novelty 5.0

    CHESS deploys four LLM agents to retrieve information, prune schemas, generate refined SQL candidates, and validate via unit tests, reporting up to 71.10% accuracy on BIRD with 83% fewer calls than leading proprietary...

  14. Retrieve Only Relevant Tables Whether Few or Many: Adaptive Table Retrieval Method

    cs.IR 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 4.0

    An adaptive thresholding mechanism combined with sliding-window reranking retrieves a query-dependent number of tables from large corpora, improving retrieval and downstream text-to-SQL performance on Spider, BIRD, an...