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How to Construct Random Unitaries

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arxiv 2410.10116 v3 pith:J4Z2KR27 submitted 2024-10-14 quant-ph cs.CCcs.CLmath-phmath.MP

classification quant-phcs.CCcs.CLmath-phmath.MP
keywords prusunitariesunitaryefficienthaar-randommakesnotionquantum
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

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abstract

The existence of pseudorandom unitaries (PRUs) -- efficient quantum circuits that are computationally indistinguishable from Haar-random unitaries -- has been a central open question, with significant implications for cryptography, complexity theory, and fundamental physics. In this work, we close this question by proving that PRUs exist, assuming that any quantum-secure one-way function exists. We establish this result for both (1) the standard notion of PRUs, which are secure against any efficient adversary that makes queries to the unitary $U$, and (2) a stronger notion of PRUs, which are secure even against adversaries that can query both the unitary $U$ and its inverse $U^\dagger$. In the process, we prove that any algorithm that makes queries to a Haar-random unitary can be efficiently simulated on a quantum computer, up to inverse-exponential trace distance.

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Forward citations

Cited by 10 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Information-Computation Gaps in Quantum Learning via Low-Degree Likelihood

    quant-ph 2025-05 conditional novelty 8.0 of 10

    A quantum extension of the low-degree method shows that state designs imply computational hardness for many single-copy quantum measurement strategies, yielding new information-computation gaps.

  2. Quantum Simulation of Random Unitaries from Clebsch-Gordan Transforms

    quant-ph 2025-09 accept novelty 7.0 of 10

    Clebsch-Gordan transforms give exact compressed oracles for Haar-random unitary group actions, with efficient circuits for U(d).

  3. MicroCrypt Assumptions with Quantum Input Sampling and Pseudodeterminism: Constructions and Separations

    quant-ph 2025-05 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Quantum input sampling turns several MicroCrypt primitives into equivalent weak forms, and black-box separations show these forms are strictly weaker than uniform-sampling primitives.

  4. Near-Term Pseudorandom and Pseudoresource Quantum States

    quant-ph 2025-04 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    The paper defines and constructs pseudorandom quantum states for subpolynomial-time observers, proving that weaker observers can be fooled with less coherence, entanglement, and magic.

  5. Parallel Kac's Walk Generates PRU

    quant-ph 2025-04 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    A linear number of parallel Kac's walk steps forms an adaptively secure pseudorandom unitary, and adding inverse queries costs no extra asymptotic steps.

  6. Pseudorandomness Properties of Random Reversible Circuits

    cs.CR 2025-02 accept novelty 7.0 of 10

    Random 3-bit gates in a fixed 2D nearest-neighbor brickwork produce approximate k-wise independent permutations of n bits in depth sqrt(n) e^{O(k^3)}.

  7. Adaptive-depth randomized measurement for fermionic observables

    quant-ph 2025-01 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    A depth-adaptive fermionic classical shadow protocol achieves polynomial sample complexity at depth max{d_int^2/log n, d_int}, where d_int is the observable's interaction distance.

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    quant-ph 2025-01 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Quantum states can be hidden and authenticated with a reusable key using pseudorandom unitaries, injected mixing qubits, and unitary designs.

  9. Ambient unitaries don't enable shallow group designs

    quant-ph 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Even with arbitrary ambient unitaries and ancillas, sublinear-depth nearest-neighbour circuits remain far from approximate 2-designs over the matchgate, orthogonal, and symplectic groups and from a Clifford 4-design.

  10. Approximate k-uniform states: definition, construction and applications

    quant-ph 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    The paper introduces epsilon-approximate k-uniform states, proves Haar-random states and shallow random circuits produce them, and connects them to approximate quantum error-correcting codes and information masking.

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