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The $H_0$ Olympics: A fair ranking of proposed models
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abstract
Despite the remarkable success of the $\Lambda$Cold Dark Matter ($\Lambda$CDM) cosmological model, a growing discrepancy has emerged (currently measured at the level of $\sim 4-6 \sigma$) between the value of the Hubble constant $H_0$ measured using the local distance ladder and the value inferred using the cosmic microwave background and galaxy surveys. While a vast array of $\Lambda$CDM extensions have been proposed to explain these discordant observations, understanding the (relative) success of these models in resolving the tension has proven difficult -- this is a direct consequence of the fact that each model has been subjected to differing, and typically incomplete, compilations of cosmological data. In this review, we attempt to make a systematic comparison of sixteen different models which have been proposed to resolve the $H_0$ tension (spanning both early- and late-Universe solutions), and quantify the relative success of each using a series of metrics and a vast array of data combinations. Owing to the timely appearance of this article, we refer to this contest as the ''$H_0$ Olympics''; the goal being to identify which of the proposed solutions, and more broadly which underlying mechanisms, are most likely to be responsible for explaining the observed discrepancy (should unaccounted for systematics not be the culprit). This work also establishes a foundation of tests which will allow the success of novel proposals to be meaningful ''benchmarked''.
Forward citations
Cited by 44 Pith papers
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The $H_0$ World Cup. I. Summary of the baseline group stage results
In a systematic head-to-head analysis, early dark energy and early modified gravity models reduce the Hubble tension to about 3σ and are favored over ΛCDM, while radiation and late-time alternatives are not.
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Hubble Tension as an Effect of Horizon Entanglement Nonequilibrium
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Robust Preference for Dark Sector Interactions
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A New Master Supernovae Ia sample and the investigation of the $H_0$ tension
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Hubble tension: a short review of theoretical explanations
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Imprint of swampland-inspired coupled early dark energy
A swampland-inspired DM-EDE coupling is tested against DESI DR2 BAO data, showing the EDE potential construction affects late-time dark energy constraints.
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Phenomenology of EDE-photon coupling I: constant photon-sector deviation
A constant photon-sector deviation ε ≈ 0.023 is preferred by Pantheon+SH0ES+BAO over ε=0, with diagnostic shifts in recombination and CMB peaks.
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Solving an Interacting Quintessence Model with a Sound Horizon Initial Condition and its Observational Constraints
An interacting quintessence model with initial conditions set by the CMB sound horizon angle increases H0 with coupling strength, but observational constraints show it does not resolve the H0 or S8 tensions.
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QCD CP-violation scenario for a revised cosmological dynamics: analysis of the binned Pantheon Sample of Super Novae Ia
The paper fits a dark-matter–dark-energy interaction model from a complex scalar field to binned Pantheon SNeIa data and claims to explain the redshift-running H0, but the derivation's equations are internally inconsistent.
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The Hubble tension: A decade review
Pure early or late fixes to the Hubble tension are tightly constrained; remaining options are combined early-late interacting dark energy or new physics at the local-to-homogeneous transition.
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Probing Scalar-Photon Coupling in the Early Universe: Implications for CMB Temperature and Anisotropies
For a scalar field coupled to radiation, the paper derives a modified CMB temperature law T(z) = T0(1+z)^(1-ε/4) and argues that positive ε shifts acoustic peaks to larger scales, claiming this eases the Hubble tension.
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