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Primordial black hole constraints with Hawking radiation -- a review
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abstract
Primordial black holes are under intense scrutiny since the detection of gravitational waves from mergers of solar-mass black holes in 2015. More recently, the development of numerical tools and the precision observational data have rekindled the effort to constrain the black hole abundance in the lower mass range, that is $M < 10^{23}$g. In particular, primordial black holes of asteroid mass $M \sim 10^{17}-10^{23}\,$g may represent 100\% of dark matter. While the microlensing and stellar disruption constraints on their abundance have been relieved, Hawking radiation of these black holes seems to be the only detection (and constraining) mean. Hawking radiation constraints on primordial black holes date back to the first papers by Hawking. Black holes evaporating in the early universe may have generated the baryon asymmetry, modified big bang nucleosynthesis, distorted the cosmic microwave background, or produced cosmological backgrounds of stable particles such as photons and neutrinos. At the end of their lifetime, exploding primordial black holes would produce high energy cosmic rays that would provide invaluable access to the physics at energies up to the Planck scale. In this review, we describe the main principles of Hawking radiation, which lie at the border of general relativity, quantum mechanics and statistical physics. We then present an up-to-date status of the different constraints on primordial black holes that rely on the evaporation phenomenon, and give, where relevant, prospects for future work. In particular, non-standard black holes and emission of beyond the Standard Model degrees of freedom is currently a hot subject.
Forward citations
Cited by 13 Pith papers
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Probing Memory-Burdened Primordial Black Holes with High-Energy Neutrinos
For memory-burdened primordial black holes, a log-normal mass function can produce neutrino abundance limits several orders of magnitude stronger than a monochromatic population with the same median mass, with current...
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Boosting the optical depth to Thomson scattering with primordial black hole evaporation at high redshift
A monochromatic primordial black hole population can raise the CMB optical depth by at most Delta tau ~ 0.008 under current CMB data, leaving BAO-CMB tensions essentially unchanged.
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Universality in quasinormal modes of a magnetized black hole
For charged scalar perturbations of an Ernst-Schwarzschild black hole, the quasinormal-mode frequency scales as |q - q_c|^{1/2} near a critical charge q_c, with a mode-independent exponent.
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Revisiting PBH accretion, evaporation and their cosmological consequences
Relativistic accretion onto Kerr primordial black holes gives roughly 4.5x mass growth and fast spin-down, strengthening BBN bounds, lowering the survival mass to ~2.7e14 g, and erasing the high-frequency stochastic g...
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Comprehensively Constraining Ultra-Light Primordial Black Holes Through Relic Formation and Early Mergers
Ultra-light primordial black holes that evaporate before Big Bang nucleosynthesis can still be probed through Planck-mass relics and early binary mergers, leaving a narrow window where relics make up all dark matter.
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Gravitational wave signatures of primordial black hole accretion during early matter domination
PBHs that form in a radiation era and accrete during an early matter era could produce a two-peak GW background detectable by LISA or BBO for asteroid-mass PBHs as all of dark matter.
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Primordial black holes from Q-balls produced in a first-order phase transition
Bosons trapped in false-vacuum remnants of a dark first-order phase transition can form Q-balls that collapse into primordial black holes, producing correlated gravitational-wave and gamma-ray signals.
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Antinuclei from Primordial Black Holes
AMS-02 antiproton data set the tightest limits yet on Galactic primordial black holes with lognormal mass distributions, and cap the expected antideuteron flux below the reach of upcoming detectors.
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Machine Learning-Based Analytical Expressions for Gray-Body Factors and Application to Primordial Black Holes
Symbolic regression is used to derive compact error-function approximations for Schwarzschild gray-body factors, and the approximations reproduce the Hawking spectra and primordial black hole constraints from full num...
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Molecular clouds constraints on sub-GeV DM and asteroid-mass PBHs
Molecular-cloud ionization yields competitive constraints on sub-GeV dark matter annihilation/decay and on asteroid-mass primordial black holes, particularly for PBHs above 10^16 g.
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Probing light axion-like particle via primordial black hole evaporation with gamma-ray observations
PBH-emitted ALPs converting in cosmic magnetic fields, and PBH electrons scattering off ALP dark-matter halos, could create gamma-ray signals detectable by AMEGO, e-ASTROGAM, and MAST, with projected coupling reach ne...
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Constraining primordial black holes and primordial curvature power spectrum with extragalactic muon neutrino
Neutrino flux from WIMP annihilation in PBH-seeded UCMHs yields f_PBH ≲ 4×10^{-5} (strongest) and P_R ≲ 10^{-1.65} at k∼3×10^{12} Mpc^{-1}.
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Relativistic accretion and burdened primordial black holes
Combining relativistic accretion with memory-burdened evaporation widens the parameter space for primordial black holes as dark matter and changes dark matter and dark radiation emission predictions.
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