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An Introduction to Higher-Form Symmetries
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An Introduction to Higher-Form Symmetries
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These notes are intended to be a pedagogical introduction to higher-form symmetries, which are symmetries whose charged objects are extended operators supported on lines, surfaces, and etc. This subject has been one of the most popular and effervescent topics of theoretical physics in recent years. Gauge theories are central in the study of higher-form symmetries, with Wilson and 't Hooft operators corresponding to the charged objects. Along these notes, we discuss in detail some basic aspects, including Abelian Maxwell and Chern-Simons theories, and $SU(N)$ non-Abelian gauge theories. We also discuss spontaneous breaking of higher-form symmetries.
Forward citations
Cited by 28 Pith papers
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On Quantum Aspects of 1-Form Symmetries II: Bordism, Invertible Phases, and Anomalies
Bordism computation for K(Z,3) identifies a new mixed perturbative anomaly in 5D and a new Z2 discrete anomaly in 7D for U(1) 1-form symmetries.
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On Quantum Aspects of 1-Form Symmetries II: Bordism, Invertible Phases, and Anomalies
A bordism computation for K(Z,3) produces two new anomaly classes for U(1) 1-form symmetries: a mixed H₃∧p₁ anomaly in 5d and a Z₂-valued uSq²u anomaly in 7d.
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Anomalies in Neural Network Field Theory
Derives Schwinger-Dyson equations and Ward identities in NN-FT to study anomalies in QFTs via a conserved parameter-space current, yielding a new perspective on symmetries.
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A General Prescription for Spurion Analysis of Non-Invertible Selection Rules
A general prescription is formulated for spurion analysis of commutative non-invertible fusion algebras in particle physics, unifying prior specific cases and enabling systematic tracking of coupling constants in tree...
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Non-invertible symmetries in the axiverse, and the imaginary wormholes
Imaginary wormholes and the IDB imply that towers of BPS EFT instantons generate infinitely many superpotential terms that break non-invertible axion shift symmetries in N=1 axiverse models.
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On Quantum Aspects of 1-Form Symmetries I: BV-BRST Cohomology and Anomaly Polynomials
Develops Čech-de Rham bicomplex from gerbe data for BV-BRST cohomology of U(1) 2-form gauge theories and anomaly polynomials of 1-form symmetries.
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Notes on (-2)-form symmetries
(-2)-form symmetries are realized as non-genuine defects in the Symmetry TFT and relate theories with different anomaly or associator data.
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Gravitational index, black hole saddle degeneracy, and one-form symmetry
The |G|-fold degeneracy of supersymmetric AdS5 black hole index saddles is fixed by the flux-quantized BF coupling of the bulk one-form symmetry and persists unmodified in the decompactified black-brane limit.
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Quiver Approach to Symmetry Theories
An algebraic method using the path algebra of quivers extracts symmetry anomaly data for 5D SCFTs engineered from M-theory on Calabi-Yau cones.
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3-Crossed Module Structure in the Five-Dimensional Topological Axion Electrodynamics
The five-dimensional topological axion electrodynamics is shown to possess a 3-crossed module structure through modified Stueckelberg couplings required for background gauge invariance.
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Effective field theory for dissipative photons from higher-form symmetries
A Schwinger-Keldysh effective action built on spontaneously broken higher-form symmetry gives dissipative Maxwell equations with an entropy current for photons in insulators.
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Higher-form (Quasi)Hydrodynamics from Holography: Deformations and Dualities
Massless and massive higher-form gauge fields in anti-de Sitter space yield a full low-energy map of diffusive, relaxing, and emergent-photon modes governed by double-trace deformations.
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SymTFT for Continuous Symmetries: Non-linear Realizations and Spontaneous Breaking
Continuous-symmetry SymTFTs are extended to non-linear coset realizations and to spontaneous breaking using boundary and corner constructions, recovering CCWZ actions and SSB Ward identities.
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Non-Invertible Selection Rules on Heterotic Non-Abelian Orbifolds
Non-Abelian orbifolds in heterotic string theory produce non-invertible coupling selection rules, since twisted sectors are labeled by conjugacy classes whose products contain multiple classes and yield characteristic...
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Spurion Analysis for Non-Invertible Selection Rules from Near-Group Fusions
Generalizes spurion analysis to non-invertible near-group fusion algebras, introduces coupling labels, and explains radiative violation of tree-level selection rules.
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On Quantum Aspects of 1-Form Symmetries I: BV-BRST Cohomology and Anomaly Polynomials
Constructs Čech-de Rham bicomplex from gerbe data for BV-BRST complex and anomaly descent of U(1) 1-form symmetries in Maxwell theory.
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Notes on (-2)-form symmetries
Introduces (-2)-form symmetries that modify the SymTFT action to relate QFTs differing by anomaly data or non-invertible symmetry associators, illustrated in 2D-4D models, fusion categories, club-sandwich RG flows, an...
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Zee models with a non-invertible $Z_M$ symmetry
Zee models are classified under non-invertible Z_M symmetries; viable candidates are identified from data consistency, and a Z_7 benchmark yields numerical predictions for neutrino parameters and CLFV rates.
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Double fibration in G-theory and the cobordism conjecture
In G-theory motivated Type IIB compactifications with varying fields, End of the World branes trivialize a cohomology class and additional non-perturbative objects are required to cancel the bordism group while retain...
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M2-branes, Higher Form Symmetries and 1-Gerbes
A torsion gerbe on the M2-brane worldvolume cancels a mixed higher-form anomaly, breaking U(1) symmetries to discrete subgroups and imposing a worldvolume flux condition.
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Brane Symmetries Revisited: Symmetries of Tensile and Tensionless Branes in Possibly Degenerate Metrics and their Manifestations
Tensionless p-branes and branes in degenerate-metric spacetimes admit symmetry transformations built from Killing tensors of arbitrary rank, extending string W-symmetries to all brane dimensions.
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Sandwich Construction of Symmetry TFTs for the Centre Symmetries of Chern-Simons, Yang-Mills, and Einstein Gravity
Constructs AKSZ sandwich SymTFTs with stacky target spaces that encode the center symmetries of Chern-Simons, Yang-Mills, and MacDowell-Mansouri gravity.
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Discrete $p$-Form Symmetry and Higher Coulomb Phases
Field theories with ℤ_N p-form symmetry generically admit a Coulomb phase where the infrared theory is Abelian p-form electrodynamics, illustrated via continuum and lattice examples.
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Non-invertible symmetries in the axiverse, and the imaginary wormholes
Identifies invertible and non-invertible generalized symmetries in axiverse EFTs and argues that wormholes break non-invertible axion symmetries via the Imaginary Distance Bound, implying a distinguished role for towe...
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Gravitational index, black hole saddle degeneracy, and one-form symmetry
One-form symmetry induces degeneracy in black hole saddles for the superconformal index, realized gravitationally with spontaneous breaking illustrated via black hole to black brane transition in the small chemical po...
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What's Done Cannot Be Undone: TASI Lectures on Non-Invertible Symmetries
A survey of non-invertible symmetries with constructions in the Ising model and applications to neutral pion decay and other systems.
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ICTP Lectures on (Non-)Invertible Generalized Symmetries
Lecture notes explain non-invertible generalized symmetries in QFTs as topological defects arising from stacking with TQFTs and gauging diagonal symmetries, plus their action on charges and the SymTFT framework.
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Lectures on Generalized Symmetries
Lecture notes that systematically introduce higher-form symmetries, SymTFTs, higher-group symmetries, and related concepts in QFT using gauge theory examples.
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