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Polarization phenomenon in heavy-ion collisions
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Polarization phenomenon in heavy-ion collisions
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The strongly interacting system created in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions behaves almost as an ideal fluid with rich patterns of the velocity field exhibiting strong vortical structure. Vorticity of the fluid, via spin-orbit coupling, leads to particle spin polarization. Due to the finite orbital momentum of the system, the polarization on average is not zero; it depends on the particle momenta reflecting the spatial variation of the local vorticity. In the last few years, this field experienced a rapid growth due to experimental discoveries of the global and local polarizations. Recent measurements triggered further development of the theoretical description of the spin dynamics and suggestions of several new mechanisms for particle polarization. In this review, we focus mostly on the experimental results. We compare the measurements with the existing theoretical calculations but try to keep the discussion of possible underlying physics at the qualitative level. Future measurements and how they can help to answer open theoretical questions are also discussed. We pay a special attention to the employed experimental methods, as well as to the detector effects and associated corrections to the measurements.
Forward citations
Cited by 10 Pith papers
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Hyperon ($\Lambda$) polarization along the beam axis in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 5.36$ TeV
First LHC measurement of beam-axis Lambda polarization relative to the third-order event plane, with improved precision on the second-order plane and sensitivity to QGP transport coefficients.
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Modeling $\Lambda$ polarization in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=200$ GeV using relativistic spin hydrodynamics
A (1+1+2)D relativistic spin hydrodynamics model with transverse expansion and longitudinal spin acceleration reproduces the observed quadrupole pattern in longitudinal Lambda polarization for Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV.
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Local Spin Polarization in Anisotropic Gubser Flow: Suppression Mechanism and Formulation Dependence
In an anisotropic Gubser flow, the longitudinal spin polarization's sign depends on which shear formulation is used, and two popular formulations show exact or near-exact cancellation between vorticity and shear contr...
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Modeling $\Lambda$ polarization in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=200$ GeV using relativistic spin hydrodynamics
A (1+1+2)D spin hydrodynamics model with longitudinal spin acceleration and transverse expansion reproduces the quadrupole pattern in longitudinal Lambda polarization and matches Au+Au data at 200 GeV while predicting...
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Exact expectation values in a boost-invariant fluid of Dirac fermions with finite spin density
Exact calculations in a boost-invariant free Dirac fermion fluid show spin polarization arises only from finite spin potential, with shear-induced polarization and spin Hall effect absent.
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Fluid Acceleration in Heavy-Ion Collisions
In AMPT and UrQMD simulations, fluid acceleration in heavy-ion collisions reaches a few hundred MeV, peaks at fireball boundaries, and evolves from stopping-dominated deceleration at low energies to boundary/tilt puls...
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Rotating synchrotron radiation: Photon emission from magnetized and rotating quark-gluon plasma
Rotation enhances synchrotron photon emission from negatively charged quarks in a magnetized QGP, producing a low-transverse-momentum v2 that can reduce the direct photon puzzle tension.
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Boost-invariant and cylindrically symmetric perfect spin hydrodynamics
In boost-invariant cylindrical spin hydrodynamics, azimuthal-longitudinal coupling in the spin tensor produces nonzero total polarization only via the longitudinal magnetic component coupled to the azimuthal electric ...
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Boost-invariant perfect Fermi-Dirac spin hydrodynamics
Fermi-Dirac statistics in boost-invariant perfect spin hydrodynamics produce evolution differences about one order of magnitude smaller than spin-feedback corrections, with special functions conveniently parametrized.
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Chromomagnetic Condensate in Finite-Temperature SU(2) Yang-Mills Theory under Imaginary Rotation
At one loop, imaginary rotation in the SU(2) Savvidy model enhances the chromomagnetic condensate and effective coupling, can suppress the Nielsen-Olesen instability in a finite window, and gives a negative moment-of-...
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