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Guiding Language Model Reasoning with Planning Tokens

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arxiv 2310.05707 v4 pith:ZKO4P5EB submitted 2023-10-09 cs.CL cs.AIcs.LG

classification cs.CLcs.AIcs.LG
keywords reasoningmodelabilityfine-tuninggenerationlanguagellmsparameters
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Large language models (LLMs) have recently attracted considerable interest for their ability to perform complex reasoning tasks, such as chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning. However, most of the existing approaches to enhance this ability rely heavily on data-driven methods, while neglecting the structural aspects of the model's reasoning capacity. To encourage a more structural generation of CoT steps, we propose a hierarchical generation scheme: we let the LM generate a planning token at the start of each reasoning step, intuitively serving as a high-level plan of the current step, and add their embeddings to the model parameters. Our approach requires a negligible increase in trainable parameters (0.001%) and can be applied through either full fine-tuning or a more parameter-efficient scheme. We demonstrate our method's effectiveness by applying it to three different LLMs, showing notable accuracy improvements across three math word problem datasets and one multihop QA dataset with respect to standard fine-tuning baselines.

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Forward citations

Cited by 9 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. DiscoLoop: Looping Discrete Embeddings and Continuous Hidden States for Multi-hop Reasoning

    cs.CL 2026-07 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    DiscoLoop adds a discrete embedding channel to looped transformers to fix representational misalignment in two-hop reasoning, yielding near-perfect accuracy on synthetic tasks and better pretraining loss on real data.

  2. $PD^3F$: A Pluggable and Dynamic DoS-Defense Framework Against Resource Consumption Attacks Targeting Large Language Models

    cs.CR 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    PD3F combines a resource-based reputation scheduler with an early-termination logit adjustment to mitigate long-generation DoS attacks on LLMs.

  3. Multi-Token Prediction Needs Registers

    cs.CL 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Interleaved register tokens with offset-encoded position ids add a training-only multi-token prediction objective that improves fine-tuning, PEFT, and image-generation pretraining over next-token baselines.

  4. Beyond the Last Answer: Your Reasoning Trace Uncovers More than You Think

    cs.CL 2025-04 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Taking the most frequent answer obtained by re-running a reasoning model from intermediate subthought points beats using the final answer alone on AIME math problems.

  5. Token Assorted: Mixing Latent and Text Tokens for Improved Language Model Reasoning

    cs.CL 2025-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Partially replacing chain-of-thought tokens with discrete latent tokens during fine-tuning improves LLM reasoning accuracy and reduces generated token count.

  6. Soft Thinking: Unlocking the Reasoning Potential of LLMs in Continuous Concept Space

    cs.CL 2025-05 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A training-free method that feeds probability-weighted token embeddings back into LLMs during reasoning, improving accuracy and token efficiency on math and coding tasks.

  7. GaLore 2: Large-Scale LLM Pre-Training by Gradient Low-Rank Projection

    cs.LG 2025-04 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    GaLore 2 pre-trains a Llama 7B model on 500B tokens using low-rank gradient projection, matching an 8-bit Adam baseline while using less optimizer memory.

  8. State Stream Transformer (SST) : Emergent Metacognitive Behaviours Through Latent State Persistence

    cs.LG 2025-01 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    A weighted-decay cache of FFN states applied to frozen Llama 3.1 8B weights is claimed to enable persistent latent reasoning and metacognitive-like behavior, with reported GSM-8K and ARC-Challenge gains.

  9. Towards Concise and Adaptive Thinking in Large Reasoning Models: A Survey

    cs.AI 2025-07 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

    A comprehensive review that categorizes methods for shortening and adaptively triggering chain-of-thought reasoning in large language models.

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