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Gradient instability for w < -1

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arxiv astro-ph/0406043 v3 pith:ZZ63DEYI submitted 2004-06-01 astro-ph gr-qchep-phhep-th

Gradient instability for w < -1

classification astro-ph gr-qchep-phhep-th
keywords signbackgroundeffectivekineticlagrangianspatialtermcases
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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abstract

We show that in single scalar field models of the dark energy with equations of state satisfying $w \equiv p / \rho < -1$, the effective Lagrangian for fluctuations about the homogeneous background has a wrong sign spatial kinetic term. In most cases, spatial gradients are ruled out by microwave background observations. The sign of $w+1$ is not connected to the sign of the time derivative kinetic term in the effective Lagrangian.

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Cited by 2 Pith papers

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  1. Energy conditions of bouncing solutions in quadratic curvature gravity coupled with a scalar field

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    Bouncing solutions in quadratic curvature gravity with a scalar field satisfy null, weak, and dominant energy conditions but violate the strong one when using the scalar-field energy-momentum tensor, while all four co...

  2. Restoration of the Lorentz symmetry of particle propagator in the ghost condensate model

    gr-qc 2025-09 conditional novelty 3.0

    Choosing the Lorentz-violating tensor with spatial components Bii = -3B00 makes the quadratic kinetic term Lorentz invariant, giving the phantom excitation the dispersion omega^2 = k^2 for any background.