Precision Measurement of the Weak Mixing Angle in Moller Scattering

et al; SLAC E158 Collaboration: P.L. Anthony

REVIEW

Precision Measurement of the Weak Mixing Angle in Moller Scattering

SLAC E158 Collaboration: P.L. Anthony, et al

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Submitted 26 Apr 2005 · 19 references

Pith's verdict: A solid, well-cross-checked final E158 result; the 6.2σ running claim is a difference of two measured values and does not fold in the theory band on the running itself.

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arXiv IDhep-ex/0504049 (version 1)

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Citationet al, SLAC E158 Collaboration: P.L. Anthony. "Precision Measurement of the Weak Mixing Angle in Moller Scattering." arXiv:hep-ex/0504049 (2005). https://pith.science/paper/L7IF6PVI

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Editor's note

read the letter

This is the final E158 result, and it is the one to cite: A_PV = -131 ± 14 (stat) ± 10 (syst) ppb in Møller scattering at Q² = 0.026 GeV², giving sin²θ_W^eff = 0.2397 ± 0.0010 ± 0.0008. The measurement is a direct counting asymmetry, so the number itself does not depend on the theory interpretation; the theory enters only in converting it to an angle, and that conversion uses cited published work (Czarnecki–Marciano, Erler et al.). Nothing circular here. The experimental craft is what earns my respect: two independent calibration methods agreeing to 3 ppb, sign reversals from both the half-wave plate and the beam-energy change so that roughly half the data carry the opposite sign, near-perfect azimuthal symmetry, and a fully tabulated error budget in Table I. That is how a parity-violation experiment should be built, and the 2003 intra-pulse BPM upgrade is a genuinely careful piece of work aimed at a bias most analyses would have missed. The 6.2σ running statement is the headline, and it is legitimate, but read it precisely: it is the significance of the difference between this low-Q² value and the PDG Z-pole value. The running prediction's own theory band (the shaded region in Fig. 2, and the ±0.0006 evolution uncertainty quoted for sin²θ_W(M_Z)) is not folded into that 6.2. Fold it in and the number softens somewhat. The paper is honest about this in the text but the abstract's 'over 6σ' reads stronger than the comparison strictly supports. On the stress-test's two candidates: the inelastic e⁻(γ)p → e⁻X correction is -22 ± 4 ppb, and ±4 on a -22 correction is an 18% relative uncertainty on a simulation-derived background, which is not unreasonable; the beam polarization at 0.89 ± 0.04 is indeed the larger single term at roughly 6 ppb, but it is in the budget and the polarimeter is documented in the cited instrumentation papers, so I would not call it a hidden weakness. The analyzing power A = 3.25 ± 0.05 ppm is Monte Carlo, and that ±0.05 is the one number I would want to see defended in more detail. Overall: a real advance, correctly framed, with soft spots that are ordinary for a Letter and mostly subdominant to statistics. For anyone working on low-energy electroweak precision tests or TeV contact-interaction limits, this is required reading and a standard reference. Send it to referees.

Referee report

Significance

This is a benchmark low-energy electroweak measurement: a purely leptonic parity-violating observable with small theoretical uncertainty, a direct counting asymmetry that does not depend on the theoretical interpretation, and an error budget that is explicitly tabulated. The internal cross-checks are a genuine strength: the two calibration methods agree to within 3 ppb, the half-wave-plate and beam-energy sign reversals suppress whole classes of systematic error, and the 75-sample A_phys distribution has χ²/dof = 78.5/74, which is consistent with the quoted statistical error. The result provides a falsifiable test of the predicted momentum dependence of sin²θ_W and TeV-scale constraints complementary to collider searches. If the systematic budget holds, the paper is a significant contribution and suitable for publication.

Major objections (3)

[Abstract [abstract:s1] and the paragraph beginning 'Our value is consistent with the Standard Model expectation'] The headline claim of 'over 6σ' significance for the running is not reproducible from the numbers quoted in the Letter. Taking the quoted sin²θ_eff_W(Q) = 0.2397 ± 0.0010 ± 0.0008 and the Z⁰-pole value 0.23149 ± 0.00015 gives a difference of 0.0082 with a quadrature uncertainty of 0.00129, i.e. about 6.4σ; if the 0.0006 theory uncertainty on the evolution is also included, the significance drops to about 5.8σ, which would not support 'over 6σ'. The text states 6.2σ without saying which uncertainties enter. Because this is the claim selected as the paper's main result, the authors should state explicitly the prescription used (which statistical, systematic, Z⁰-pole and evolution-theory uncertainties are combined, and in quadrature) so that the number can be checked against the quoted values. This is a bookkeeping clarification rather than a challenge to the measurement, but it is load-bearing for the abstract's central sentence.
[Table I and the paragraph beginning 'The background within the Møller rings is estimated to be ≃ 8%'] The inelastic e⁻(γ) + p → e⁻ + X entry is the largest single correction in Table I (-22 ± 4 ppb, dilution 0.009 ± 0.001), about 17% of the final asymmetry, yet the Letter does not say how the ±4 ppb was obtained (simulation, data sideband, or a constraint from the outer rings). The same is true of the ±3 ppb assigned to higher-order beam effects and to high-energy photons. Since the extraction of sin²θ_eff_W and the running significance both scale with these corrections, the provenance of the quoted uncertainties should be stated in one or two sentences, or the reader should be pointed to the specific section of a cited document where it is given. In the same table, the text quotes a cumulative beam correction of -9.7 ± 1.4 ppb and a transverse-polarization correction of -3.8 ± 1.5 ppb, whereas Table I lists -10 ± 1 ppb and -4 ± 2 ppb; and the text states a limit of 'less than 5 ppb' on the 2002 higher-order bias while Table I assigns 0 ± 3 ppb. These should be reconciled so that the table and the text tell a single consistent story.
[Paragraph beginning 'The average electron beam polarization is P_b = 0.89 ± 0.04'] The beam polarization enters the extracted sin²θ_eff_W linearly and, at 4.5% relative, is the dominant single contribution to the 10 ppb systematic (about 6 ppb on A_PV). The Letter gives only the value and the polarimeter method, with the details deferred to Ph.D. theses (ref. [10]) and to a manuscript still listed as submitted (ref. [11]). Because this one number directly scales the central physics result, a short statement of the polarimeter's dominant systematic (for example, the uncertainty on the magnetized-foil magnetization) and of how the quoted ±0.04 was validated would materially strengthen the paper. This is a request for a compact error budget, not for a reproduction of the cited instrumentation paper.

Minor objections (8)

[Table I caption] The caption should define ΔA_i and f_i explicitly (in particular that ΔA_i is the background's contribution to A_raw, i.e. ΔA_i = f_i × A_background), so that a reader can verify the entries against the correction formula A_phys = (1/(P_b ε))(A_raw - Σ ΔA_i)/(1 - Σ f_i).
[Reference [11]] Reference [11] (R.S. Hicks et al.) is listed as submitted rather than published, and it carries much of the apparatus description; the citation status should be updated at proof, and the typo 'Nucl. Insrum. Methods' corrected to 'Nucl. Instrum. Methods'.
[Author list and affiliations] Affiliation 10 reads 'Charlottsville' and should be 'Charlottesville'; the affiliation line for the University of Massachusetts shows '0100 3' with a stray space; and the acknowledgment 'Commissariat ` a l'´Energie Atomique' has garbled accent and spacing.
[Table I, final row] The last row of Table I appears to contain only the fragment 'Data sample' with a '0' entry and no source; it should be removed or completed.
[Introduction, paragraph beginning 'While the running of the electromagnetic and strong coupling constants has been'] The statement that the running of sin²θ_W 'has not been unambiguously observed ... so far' is stronger than the cited low-energy and Z⁰-pole constraints warrant; it would be better to say that the present measurement provides the first direct low-Q² determination with the precision needed to resolve the predicted variation.
[Final paragraph] The claim that the new-physics reach is 'comparable in sensitivity and complementary to the best current limits from high energy colliders' should be quantified or supported with a specific collider reference, since the quoted Λ_LL bounds are the only quantitative comparison given.
[Equation for A_PV in terms of sin²θ_eff_W(Q)] The notation ρ(e;e) should be defined in words at first use (the low-energy ratio of neutral- to charge-current couplings), since the semicolon notation is not standard for all readers.
[Figure 2 caption] The caption notes that the Q_W(Cs) point is shown at an arbitrarily higher Q; it would help to state explicitly that this is a display choice and that the point's true momentum transfer is much lower.

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The paper

The paper claims

Electron-electron scattering yields a 17 ppb measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry, giving sin^2 theta_W = 0.2397 at Q^2 = 0.026 GeV^2 and confirming the running of the weak mixing angle at over 6 sigma.

The reading

The weak mixing angle is a fundamental number that sets how the weak and electromagnetic forces mix. The Standard Model predicts it should change with the energy scale at which you measure it, a effect called running. Until this measurement, running had been seen clearly for the electromagnetic and strong couplings but not unambiguously for the weak mixing angle. The E158 experiment at SLAC fired a beam of polarized electrons at a tank of liquid hydrogen and counted how often the electrons scattered off the target electrons differently depending on whether the beam was spinning left or right. That left-right difference, the parity-violating asymmetry, is predicted to be about 320 parts per billion at tree level and is reduced by radiative corrections and the detector acceptance to roughly 130 ppb. The collaboration measured -131 ppb with a total uncertainty near 17 ppb, after correcting for beam jitter, backgrounds from scattering off protons, and beam polarization. From that number they extract the weak mixing angle at low momentum transfer, 0.2397, and compare it to the value measured at the Z boson pole, 0.2315. The two differ by far more than their uncertainties, so the running is seen at over six sigma. Because the measurement is so precise, it also limits possible new heavy particles or contact interactions that would shift the asymmetry, pushing the reach for some new-physics scenarios into the several-TeV range.

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The parity-violating asymmetry in Moller scattering is A_PV = -131 +/- 14 (stat) +/- 10 (syst) ppb, which yields sin^2 theta_W^eff = 0.2397 +/- 0.0010 (stat) +/- 0.0008 (syst) at Q^2 = 0.026 GeV^2, and when combined with the Z-pole value the running of the weak mixing angle is observed with over 6 sigma significance.

Load-bearing premise

The conversion of the measured asymmetry into sin^2 theta_W and into the running claim rests on the background subtraction and dilution model in Table I, especially the inelastic e-(gamma)+p -> e-+X correction of -22 +/- 4 ppb with dilution 0.009, which is about 17% of the signal and is estimated from simulation rather than measured directly. A mis-modeling of this or the elastic ep term (-7 +/- 1 ppb) would shift the extracted angle and hence the significance of the running comparison.

Original abstract

We report on a precision measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry in fixed target electron-electron (Moller) scattering: A_PV = -131 +/- 14 (stat.) +/- 10 (syst.) parts per billion, leading to the determination of the weak mixing angle \sin^2\theta_W^eff = 0.2397 +/- 0.0010 (stat.) +/- 0.0008 (syst.), evaluated at Q^2 = 0.026 GeV^2. Combining this result with the measurements of \sin^2\theta_W^eff at the Z^0 pole, the running of the weak mixing angle is observed with over 6 sigma significance. The measurement sets constraints on new physics effects at the TeV scale.

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged, kept beside the review and separate from it. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 3,150 input tokens, $0.0001 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.03 · states limitation 0.11 · human participants 0.02 · controlled comparison 0.04 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.99 · compares with prior results 0.95 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v1. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

We report on a precision measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry in fixed target electron-electron (Moller) scattering: A_PV = -131 +/- 14 (stat.) +/- 10 (syst.) parts per billion, leading to the determination of the weak mixing angle \sin^2\theta_W^eff = 0.2397 +/- 0.0010 (stat.) +/- 0.0008 (syst.), evaluated at Q^2 = 0.026 GeV^2. Combining this result with the measurements of \sin^2\theta_W^eff at the Z^0 pole, the running of the weak mixing angle is observed with over 6 sigma significance. The measurement sets constraints on new physics effects at the TeV scale.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	We report on a precision measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry in fixed target electron-electron (Moller) scattering: A_PV = -131 +/- 14 (stat.) +/- 10 (syst.) parts per billion, leading to the determination of the weak mixing angle \sin^2\theta_W^eff = 0.2397 +/- 0.0010 (stat.) +/- 0.0008 (syst.), evaluated at Q^2 = 0.026 GeV^2.	result 1.00	0.98	0.87	asserted 1.00
s1	Combining this result with the measurements of \sin^2\theta_W^eff at the Z^0 pole, the running of the weak mixing angle is observed with over 6 sigma significance.	result 0.51	0.84	0.24	asserted 1.00
s2	The measurement sets constraints on new physics effects at the TeV scale.	interpretation 0.98	0.83	0.11	asserted 0.98

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: empirical study 1.00 · evidence from observation or experiment 1.00.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v1

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

levels run

P abstract

not run

S sections
T body sentences
C citations
R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

Figures

**Figure 1.** shows Aphys for all data, divided into 75 sequential samples in Runs I, II (2002), and III (2003). Each Aphys measurement has sign reversals depending on the beam energy and the state of the half-wave plate. AP V is obtained by correcting each result by the appropriate sign. The combined result is AP V = −131 ± 14 (stat.) ± 10 (syst.) ppb . TABLE I: Corrections ∆Ai and dilutions fi to Araw and associated systematic uncertainties. Source ∆A (ppb) f Beam (first order) −10 ± 1 Beam (higher order) 0 ± 3 Transverse polarization −4 ± 2 e − + p → e − + p(+γ) −7 ± 1 0.056 ± 0.007 e −(γ)…

**Figure 2.** FIG. 2: Predicted variation [18] of sin

Figures reproduced from arXiv:hep-ex/0504049 by the authors.

References

Works cited (19)

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Exploring the Standard Model and Beyond from the Evidence of CE$\nu$NS with Reactor Antineutrinos in CONUS+
hep-ph 2025-01 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

Fitting the CONUS+ reactor CEνNS event count yields sin²θW = 0.268 ± 0.047, µν < 5.6×10⁻¹⁰ µB, and NSI bounds similar to COHERENT, all consistent with the Standard Model.
Physics implications of a combined analysis of COHERENT CsI and LAr data
hep-ph 2022-11 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

Combining the updated COHERENT CsI data with the earlier argon data yields sin-squared theta-W = 0.237 +/- 0.029 and tighter bounds on neutrino nonstandard interactions, light mediators, and electromagnetic properties.
Physics results from the first COHERENT observation of CE$\nu$NS in argon and their combination with cesium-iodide data
hep-ph 2020-05 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

Fitting the COHERENT argon CEνNS spectrum yields bounds on neutrino electric charges q_μμ and q_μτ at the 10^-8 e level, the only existing laboratory limits on those two quantities.
The MOLLER Experiment: An Ultra-Precise Measurement of the Weak Mixing Angle Using M{\o}ller Scattering
nucl-ex 2014-11 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

The MOLLER collaboration presents the design and physics case for a 2.4% measurement of the electron weak charge via parity-violating Møller scattering at Jefferson Lab, five times more precise than SLAC E158.
Non-unitarity of the leptonic mixing matrix: Present bounds and future sensitivities
hep-ph 2014-07 accept novelty 4.0 of 10

Updated global-fit bounds on leptonic non-unitarity are presented, with future experiments projected to probe sterile-neutrino masses up to about 60 TeV (flavour-conserving) and 0.3 PeV (flavour-violating).
The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment: Exploring Fundamental Symmetries of the Universe
hep-ex 2013-07 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

The LBNE collaboration presents the design and simulated physics reach of a 1,300 km neutrino beam paired with a 34 kt underground liquid argon detector, projecting decisive mass-ordering determination and broad CP-vi...
Fundamental Physics at the Intensity Frontier
hep-ex 2012-05 accept novelty 3.0 of 10

A six-working-group community report arguing that rare-process experiments with intense beams (heavy quarks, charged leptons, neutrinos, proton decay, light weakly-coupled particles, nucleons and atoms) constitute an ...
The 2010 Interim Report of the Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment Collaboration Physics Working Groups
hep-ex 2011-10 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

A simulation-based comparison of water Cherenkov and liquid argon detector layouts for a 1,300 km neutrino beam, projecting comparable oscillation sensitivity at roughly one-sixth the liquid argon mass.
Implications of Recent Experimental & Theoretical Results on Electroweak Precision Tests
hep-ph 2025-05 conditional novelty 2.0 of 10

A review of electroweak precision data concluding the Standard Model is fully consistent with all data, with the 7 sigma CDF W mass discrepancy excluded and the muon g-2 discrepancy reduced to 2.4 sigma by recent latt...
Global fits of the SM parameters
hep-ph 2019-08 unverdicted novelty 2.0 of 10

This proceedings review compiles current weak mixing angle and W mass data and reports a 1.6 sigma excess of the direct W mass average over the indirect Standard Model fit.
Z' Phenomenology and the LHC
hep-ph 2006-10 accept novelty 2.0 of 10

A pedagogical review of Z' physics: which models predict an extra neutral gauge boson, what current data allow, and how LHC and ILC measurements could discover one and determine its couplings.
Probing the Fundamental Symmetries of the Early Universe: The Low Energy Frontier
hep-ph 2006-03 unverdicted

A review of the low-energy precision frontier as a probe of new symmetries and early-universe physics, complementing high-energy colliders.

How later papers used it

82 later papers cite it

Evidence: substantial. 82 of the citing papers share no author with it, and 37 of those carry a confident label from Pith's citation classifier.

Pith read 28 of the 106 citing sentences, choosing only those whose citation markers point at this paper alone, and wrote the paraphrases from them. The summary, the counts, the evidence level, the links and the quotes come from code; the summary counts the papers listed below. A later paper is listed under a label when Pith's citation classifier gives one of its sentences that label at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), Pith's reading finds that the citing paper itself did it, and a second check confirms the paraphrase against the sentence. This section lists uses only. It does not list criticism or disagreement, so their absence here says nothing about how the paper has been received. Papers that share an author with this one are listed apart, under "By the same authors". A quote is the citing authors' own sentence, shown when their paper's licence is CC BY, CC BY-SA or CC0. JSON

6 later papers by other authors are listed below: 6 used its data or values.

Uses its data or values 6 of 29 papers with this label

Used this paper's standard model expectation of sin^2θ_W(Q) = 0.2381 at Q^2 = 0.026 GeV^2, along with low-energy values of G_F and α from other work.

Parity nonconservation induced by spacetime geometry (2024) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Incorporated bounds from low-energy parity-violating asymmetry measurements, including inelastic electron scattering at SLAC E158 from this paper.

Consistent constraints on the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (2015) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Considered observables from three measurements, including Møller scattering from this paper, atomic parity violation, and eN DIS.

Global Analysis of General SU(2) x SU(2) x U(1) Models with Precision Data (2010) · 0.99 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Replaced Λ/√(|g^2_RR-g^2_LL|) by √(|s-M^2_X_i|)/|g^11_i| at low scales to find 90% CL constraints for the E158 experiment of this paper and for MOLLER.

LIght scalars with lepton number to solve the $(g-2)_e$ anomaly (2019) · 0.84 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Likewise, at energies near $m_Z$ and higher the weak angle is taken as $s_W^2≈0.231$ in accordance with results from LHCb $pp$ collisions [ref] , and as $s_W^2≈0.239$ otherwise [ref] .

Production of Magic States via $Z$ Bosons and Dark Photons (2026) · Magic production in EW theory · 0.99
Included already determined constraints from SLAC in this paper, along with atomic parity violation in Cesium and anticipated QWeak bounds.

Disentangling SMEFT operators with future low-energy PVES experiments (2021) · 0.90 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting

How the literature uses it

74 arXiv papers cite this in 95 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 47 sentences without a confident label

Uses its data or values 24 papers

According to the latest report given by the E158 Collaboration, Ref. [ref] , the combined result for the parity-violating asymmetry is

Unparticle Searches Through Low Energy Parity Violating Asymmetry · Results and Discussions · 1.00
Moreover, the parity-violating Møller scattering measured at SLAC E158 [ref] has been enforced, which requires $|C_e,V C_e,A| ≲10^-8$ for $M_Z' ≃17$ MeV [ref] , together with the constraints from the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and the muon [ref] .

Explanation of the Beryllium Anomaly in a $U(1)'$-Extended 2-Higgs Doublet Model · The Beryllium anomaly in a $U(1)'$-2HDM · 0.93
The $A_LR$ asymmetry has been measured at low $Q^2 = 0.026$ GeV$^2$ in the SLAC–E158 experiment [ref] , with the result [equation] leading to a determination of the weak mixing angle of $sin^2 θ_W^eff = 0.2403 ±0.0013$ [ref] , which is $1.25σ$ higher than the SM prediction [ref] , $sin^2 θ^eff_W = 0.23867$.

Alternative $Z'$ Bosons in $E_6$ · Low Energy Constraints on $E_6$ · 0.93

Compares with it 8 papers

Such a measurement would constitute more than a factor of five improvement in fractional precision over the only other measurement of the same quantity by the E158 experiment at SLAC [ref] .

The MOLLER Experiment: An Ultra-Precise Measurement of the Weak Mixing Angle Using M{\o}ller Scattering · Executive Summary · 0.94
This is about six standard deviations away from the experimental result [ref] , $Q_W^e = 0.041(5)$.

Tests of non-standard electroweak couplings of right-handed quarks · Parity violation in $e^-e^-$ (Møller) scattering · 0.90
Other measurements are presented, from APV [ref] , elastic electron-proton scattering (Q$_weak$) [ref] , Moller scattering (SLAC E158) [ref] , electron-deuteron deep inelastic scattering (eDIS) [ref] , neutrino-electron scattering (XENONnT) [ref] , CE$ν$NS from spallation neutron source (COHERENT CsI & LAr) [ref] and from solar neutrinos (PANDAX-4T & XENONnT) [ref] .

Exploring the Standard Model and Beyond from the Evidence of CE$\nu$NS with Reactor Antineutrinos in CONUS+ · The Weak Mixing Angle · 0.88

Cites it as background 9 papers

Over the decades, $θ_W$ has been measured by many different experiments across various energy scales using different physical processes, such as atomic parity violation (APV) [ref] , electron-deuteron deep inelastic scattering (eDIS) [ref] , polarized Møller scattering (by SLAC E158) [ref] , elastic electron-proton scattering (by Q$_weak$) [ref] , and neutrino scattering (by COHERENT [ref] , Dresden-II [ref] ).

First constraint on the weak mixing angle using direct detection experiments · Introduction · 0.93
The parity-violating asymmetry $A_PV$ and polarization asymmetry $A_LR$ in t (and u)-channel topology e.g. $e^-e^- →e^-e^-$ (Møller scattering) and $e^- p→e^- p$ determine $s_W^2$ at $≃𝒪(10^2∼4)MeV$ [ref] .

Determining Weak-Mixing Angle at $\mu$TRISTAN · Introduction · 0.89
For example, Refs. [ref]

Unparticle Searches Through Low Energy Parity Violating Asymmetry · Introduction · 0.93

Discussion

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