Kaluza-Klein Dark Matter

Hsin-Chia Cheng; Jonathan L. Feng; Konstantin T. Matchev

REVIEW

Kaluza-Klein Dark Matter

Hsin-Chia Cheng, Jonathan L. Feng, Konstantin T. Matchev

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Submitted 10 Jul 2002 · 26 references

Pith's verdict: The detection phenomenology for KK dark matter is the real contribution here, and it holds up; the reach numbers lean on a KK-quark degeneracy the paper admits is unmotivated, and the abstract's 'generic to bosonic dark matter' line overreaches.

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arXiv IDhep-ph/0207125 (version 2)

Pith IDIQ5DEBA4, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review

CitationHsin-Chia Cheng, Jonathan L. Feng, Konstantin T. Matchev. "Kaluza-Klein Dark Matter." arXiv:hep-ph/0207125 (2002). https://pith.science/paper/IQ5DEBA4

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Editor's note

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Worth your time, with two caveats that are quantitative rather than structural. The new thing is not the B1 candidate — that's in Servant-Tait and the authors' own earlier papers — it's the detection phenomenology: explicit spin-dependent and spin-independent B1-nucleon cross sections, the monoenergetic positron line from B1 B1 -> e+e-, continuum photons, solar neutrinos. The physics point that carries the paper is simple and correct: B1 is a vector, so annihilation to fermions is s-wave and not helicity-suppressed, unlike the neutralino. That gives hard spectra and a sharp peak at E = m_B1 that no Majorana candidate can fake. The tree-level amplitudes are standard and the Goodman-Witten decomposition is applied correctly. The paper also flags its own approximations in the text — the ill-defined bound-quark energy in Eq. (6), the omitted gluon loops, the halo cuspiness spanning 3 to 10^5. The classifier record says no limitations are stated; that's wrong, they're stated plainly in the body, and it's the right behavior for a letter. I'd push back on the reader's soundness score of 6 for that reason; the acknowledged gaps are handled honestly, and the central claim doesn't depend on them. Where the stress test does land: Fig. 1's strongest contours sit at r = 0.01, and in minimal UED the one-loop KK-quark splitting from B1 is more like 10-20%, so r ~ 0.1 is the realistic case and the reach drops by roughly two orders of magnitude. The paper shows contours out to r = 0.5, so a careful reader can see this, but the headline sentence about sensitivity 'far above current limits' is doing work the realistic spectrum doesn't fully support. Second, 'generic to bosonic dark matter' is too strong — scalar dark matter annihilates p-wave, so the hard-positron signature is a vector phenomenon. Minor, but it's in the abstract. The neutrino reach comes from ref. [13], listed as in progress; treat those numbers as provisional until it appears. Send it out. The framework is checkable, the signatures are falsifiable, and the qualitative claim survives the quantitative caveats.

Referee report

Significance

If the UED framework is realized, this is a genuinely new and highly falsifiable dark matter scenario, and the paper makes that case efficiently. The most valuable feature is the prediction of a sharp positron feature at E ≈ m_B1 from B1 B1 → e+e− (Eq. 13, Fig. 2): a spectral shape, not merely a rate, which distinguishes this candidate from neutralino dark matter and from astrophysical backgrounds, and which AMS could resolve. The scattering amplitudes are derived from the Lagrangian rather than fitted, the comparison with experiment is explicit and quantitative (Figs. 1–3), and the paper is candid about which inputs are model-dependent (the relic density, the halo profile parameter J̄, the KK-quark degeneracy). The direct-detection and indirect-detection projections are stated in a form that later experimental results can test, which is exactly what a paper of this kind should deliver.

Major objections (2)

[Direct detection paragraph and Fig. 1] The reach quoted in Fig. 1 is driven by the smallest value of the KK-quark degeneracy parameter, r = (m_q1 − m_B1)/m_B1 = 0.01, where the propagator in Eq. (6) gives an r^-2 enhancement. The text acknowledges that 'such degeneracy is unmotivated in general, but is natural for UED models,' but the headline sentence — that spin-independent experiments have 'sensitivity to m_B1 far above current limits' — is stated without that qualification, and the figure caption does not say which contour should be regarded as realistic. In the minimal UED model the one-loop KK-quark mass splitting from B1 is driven by QCD and top-Yukawa corrections and is considerably larger than one percent, so r ≈ 0.1 is the more defensible benchmark. Since the cross section scales roughly as r^-2, the quoted reach weakens by about two orders of magnitude at r = 0.1. Please state explicitly, in the body text and not only in the caption, the projected reach for a radiatively motivated r ≈ 0.1, and make clear that the r = 0.01 contour is an optimistic envelope rather than a prediction. The qualitative conclusion that direct detection is promising appears to survive this rescaling, but the reader should not have to reconstruct that from the figure.
[Abstract (sentence 5) and concluding paragraph] The abstract states that 'these conclusions are generic to bosonic dark matter candidates,' and the conclusion repeats the claim that the detection prospects are 'typically much more promising than in supersymmetry' for bosonic dark matter. The unsuppressed annihilation rate is not generic to bosons: it follows from the dark matter particle being a spin-1 gauge boson, whose pair annihilation into a fermion pair is s-wave and not helicity suppressed. For a scalar (spin-0) candidate, s-wave annihilation to fermions carries the usual m_f^2/m_DM^2 helicity suppression, and the hard positron and primary-neutrino signatures emphasized here would be absent or much weaker. The direct-detection resonance enhancement is more broadly applicable, but the indirect-detection argument is specific to vector dark matter. Please either restrict the genericity claim to KK gauge bosons or add the explicit caveat that scalar bosonic candidates do not share the unsuppressed fermionic annihilation channels. This is a scope correction and does not affect the B1 analysis itself.

Minor objections (10)

[Introduction, first paragraph] The statement that 'all known particles are excluded as dark matter candidates' should be qualified: neutrinos are known particles and do carry a small relic density, so the accurate statement is that known particles cannot supply the dominant cold component.
[Eq. (11) and the following discussion] The text asserts that the KK-quark and Higgs contributions to the scalar coupling interfere constructively, giving an 'inescapable lower bound' on the spin-independent cross section. Please justify the relative sign of β_q and γ_q explicitly, since the sign of the Higgs-exchange amplitude depends on the coupling convention and the claim of a guaranteed lower bound rests on it.
[Eq. (6) and Eq. (11)] The authors correctly note that E_q for a bound quark is ill-defined and conservatively replace it by the current quark mass. It would help to state the size of the resulting uncertainty on f_p and f_n, or at least to say whether the replacement is expected to over- or under-estimate the cross section.
[Direct detection paragraph, gluon contribution] The neglect of gluon-mediated contributions from heavy-quark loops is justified by reference to a 'detailed loop-level analysis in progress' (Ref. [13]). Since that work is unpublished, the statement that these contributions 'can only increase the cross section' should be presented as an expectation rather than a result, or supported by a short argument in this manuscript.
[Neutrino paragraph and conclusion] The quoted reach of AMANDA, NESTOR, ANTARES and IceCube (m_B1 up to 200–600 GeV and 400–1400 GeV for r = 0.5 and 0.02) is taken entirely from Ref. [13], which is listed as in progress. Either summarize the ingredients of that calculation sufficiently for the numbers to be checked, or label them as preliminary.
[Fig. 2 and Eq. (14)] The positron spectra assume m_B1 = m_e1L = m_e1R. The peak position at E = m_B1 is robust, but the rate in Eq. (14) falls with increasing m_e1, so the estimated AMS yield of order 1000 positrons above 500 GeV depends on this degeneracy. A sentence quantifying the sensitivity of the AMS reach to the KK-lepton mass would strengthen the most distinctive claim in the paper.
[Eq. (13)] The reduced Green function g is imported from Ref. [20] without stating the propagation model or diffusion parameters assumed. A brief statement of the propagation assumptions, and of how the flux scales with them, would make the positron estimate reproducible.
[Introduction, novelty claim] The phrase 'we explore for the first time the prospects for its detection' should be softened or qualified, given that Ref. [6] appeared earlier in the same year and addresses the same candidate; the specific new content here is the detection analysis, which can be stated without a priority claim.
[Introduction, third paragraph] The description of KK parity as 'the only specific dark matter candidate to emerge from theories with extra dimensions' is stronger than the citations support, since other extra-dimensional dark matter options exist in the literature. Consider narrowing this to the UED context.
[Text after Eq. (11)] The sentence beginning 'Eq of Eq. (6) is the energy of a bound quark' is garbled and should be corrected to identify E_q explicitly.

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The paper

The paper claims

If standard-model particles propagate in a fifth dimension, the lightest Kaluza-Klein partner of the hypercharge gauge boson is a dark matter candidate whose annihilation is not helicity-suppressed, producing hard, distinctive positron,光子,和

The reading

The paper asks whether the dark matter could be the lightest Kaluza-Klein particle — the first partner state of a standard-model field in a compact extra dimension — rather than a supersymmetric neutralino. In the universal extra dimension framework, all standard-model particles propagate in the extra dimension, and a conserved reflection parity about the orbifold midpoint makes the lightest odd-parity state stable. The authors focus on $B^1$, the first Kaluza-Klein mode of the hypercharge gauge boson, which one-loop corrections naturally make the lightest such state. Their central point is that because $B^1$ is a boson rather than a Majorana fermion, its pair annihilation into fermion pairs is not chirality-suppressed, so it yields hard positrons, photons, and neutrinos at rates far above the neutralino case, including a nearly monoenergetic positron line at $E_{e^+} = m_{B^1}$. If correct, this turns dark matter searches into a sharp discovery channel rather than a soft-spectrum counting exercise, and the authors argue the conclusions extend to bosonic dark matter candidates generally.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is $B^1$, the first Kaluza-Klein excitation of the standard-model hypercharge gauge boson, in a model with one extra dimension compactified on $S^1/Z_2$ and with Kaluza-Klein parity conserved. Two mechanisms carry the argument. The first is the absence of helicity suppression: a spin-1 dark matter particle can annihilate in an $s$-wave into a fermion pair through a dimension-4 operator, so the $B^1 B^1$ annihilation cross section into charged leptons and quarks stays unsuppressed, unlike the chirality-suppressed annihilation of a Majorana neutralino. The second is the near-degeneracy of the Kaluza-Klein spectrum: because all first-level states are approximately degenerate at tree level, the $s$-channel exchange of a Kaluza-Klein quark in $B^1$-nucleus scattering can sit close to a pole, and the authors parametrize this by $r = (m_{q^1} - m_{B^1})/m_{B^1}$, quoting cross sections over the range $0.01$ to $0.5$.

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper proposes that cold dark matter consists of Kaluza-Klein particles and works out the observational consequences for the specific case of the first Kaluza-Klein hypercharge gauge boson $B^1$. The argument has three parts. First, in universal extra dimensions with conserved Kaluza-Klein parity, the lightest odd-parity state is stable, and radiative corrections naturally make $B^1$ the lightest Kaluza-Klein mass eigenstate in minimal models. Second, direct detection proceeds through Kaluza-Klein quark exchange and Higgs exchange; the two scalar contributions interfere constructively, so there is an inescapable lower bound on both spin-dependent and spin-independent cross sections, and the cross sections are strongly enhanced by $r^{-2}$ for small $r = (m_{q^1} - m_{B^1})/m_{B^1}$ near an $s$-channel pole. Third, indirect detection is where the paper claims a qualitative break with supersymmetry: annihilation into $e^+e^-$ is not helicity-suppressed, giving a sharp peak at $E_{e^+} = m_{B^1}$ on top of a smooth background, and annihilation into quarks gives comparatively hard continuum photons. The authors state that these conclusions are generic to bosonic dark matter candidates, not special to this model.

Load-bearing premise

The projected direct-detection rates rely on the first-level Kaluza-Klein quarks sitting very close in mass to $B^1$, with splittings as small as one percent, an enhancement the authors themselves call unmotivated in general even though it is natural in these models.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

A positron detector with good charge separation above 500 GeV, such as AMS, could see a sharp line at the dark matter mass; the authors estimate roughly a thousand positrons above 500 GeV in three years for their reference configuration.
Spin-independent direct detection experiments such as CDMS, GENIUS, and CRESST have better reach than spin-dependent ones here, because the $A^2$ coherence enhancement in heavy nuclei outweighs the $m_p/m_{B^1}$ suppression of the scalar coupling.
Ground-based gamma-ray telescopes such as GLAST and MAGIC could see a photon excess for $B^1$ masses below roughly 600 GeV, with the signal scaling as $1/m_{B^1}^2$ and depending on the assumed halo profile.
Neutrino telescopes could probe masses up to a few hundred GeV to over a TeV depending on the Kaluza-Klein mass splitting, through $B^1$ annihilation in the Sun.
A detected hard positron peak would not only identify the dark matter but also rule out neutralinos as its source, since the supersymmetric spectrum in that channel is soft and featureless.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The monoenergetic positron line is a sharper discriminant than a flux excess: a peak position measures the dark matter mass directly, so a line seen at one energy and not another would test the identification independently of the relic-density calculation.
Because the same annihilation rate sets both the thermal relic abundance and the indirect-detection flux, a measured positron signal combined with a cosmological density measurement over-constrains the model; a mismatch would point to additional Kaluza-Klein states at freeze-out rather than to the dark matter candidate itself.
If the Kaluza-Klein spectrum turns out not to be compressed, the resonance-enhanced direct detection rates shrink toward the generic weak-scale value, so a null result in direct detection would not by itself exclude the candidate.
The claim that the conclusions are generic to bosonic dark matter suggests a broader search strategy: any spin-1 or spin-0 weak-scale relic with unsuppressed $s$-wave annihilation should be looked for in the same hard channels, not only in the soft cascade channels familiar from neutralino searches.

Original abstract

We propose that cold dark matter is made of Kaluza-Klein particles and explore avenues for its detection. The lightest Kaluza-Klein state is an excellent dark matter candidate if standard model particles propagate in extra dimensions and Kaluza-Klein parity is conserved. We consider Kaluza-Klein gauge bosons. In sharp contrast to the case of supersymmetric dark matter, these annihilate to hard positrons, neutrinos and photons with unsuppressed rates. Direct detection signals are also promising. These conclusions are generic to bosonic dark matter candidates.

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged, kept beside the review and separate from it. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 4,738 input tokens, $0.0002 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.04 · states limitation 0.12 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.12 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.04 · compares with prior results 0.83 · mentions code or data availability 0.01.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v2. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

We propose that cold dark matter is made of Kaluza-Klein particles and explore avenues for its detection. The lightest Kaluza-Klein state is an excellent dark matter candidate if standard model particles propagate in extra dimensions and Kaluza-Klein parity is conserved. We consider Kaluza-Klein gauge bosons. In sharp contrast to the case of supersymmetric dark matter, these annihilate to hard positrons, neutrinos and photons with unsuppressed rates. Direct detection signals are also promising. These conclusions are generic to bosonic dark matter candidates.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	We propose that cold dark matter is made of Kaluza-Klein particles and explore avenues for its detection.	contribution 1.00	0.74	0.51	speculative 0.52
s1	The lightest Kaluza-Klein state is an excellent dark matter candidate if standard model particles propagate in extra dimensions and Kaluza-Klein parity is conserved.	background 0.41	0.20	0.33	asserted 0.75
s2	We consider Kaluza-Klein gauge bosons.	contribution 0.96	0.57	0.04	asserted 0.70
s3	In sharp contrast to the case of supersymmetric dark matter, these annihilate to hard positrons, neutrinos and photons with unsuppressed rates.	result 0.94	0.52	0.20	asserted 1.00
s4	Direct detection signals are also promising.	result 0.92	0.49	0.11	asserted 0.66
s5	These conclusions are generic to bosonic dark matter candidates.	interpretation 0.96	0.41	0.18	asserted 1.00

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: theoretical result 0.77 · evidence from argument 0.94.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v2

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

levels run

P abstract

not run

S sections
T body sentences
C citations
R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

Figures

**Figure 2.** FIG. 2: Predicted positron signals (dark shaded) above back

**Figure 3.** FIG. 3: Integrated photon flux as a function of

Showing 2 of the paper's 3 figures. See all figures in the PDF ↗ Figures reproduced from arXiv:hep-ph/0207125 by the authors.

References

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hep-ph 2017-09 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Generalizing Planckian Interacting Dark Matter from scalars to fermions, vectors, and Kaluza-Klein gravitons leaves the relic abundance essentially unchanged, so a GUT-scale dark matter mass stays testable through fut...
Multi-Component Dark Matter Systems and Their Observation Prospects
hep-ph 2012-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

In a three-component dark matter model, non-standard conversion and semi-annihilation processes can dominate the relic abundance, and semi-annihilation yields monochromatic solar neutrinos at a rate the authors estima...
Light dark matter and $Z'$ dark force at colliders
hep-ph 2012-02 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Dijet resonance searches at the Tevatron and LHC constrain a leptophobic Z' dark-matter mediator more strongly than monojet plus missing-energy searches for mediator masses between 250 GeV and 4 TeV.
Constraining the interaction strength between dark matter and visible matter: II. scalar, vector and spin-3/2 dark matter
hep-ph 2011-12 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

General dimension-six effective operators for scalar, vector, and spin-3/2 dark matter are bounded by relic density, CDMS/XENON direct detection, and PAMELA antiproton data, with spin-independent direct detection stro...
Constraining the interaction strength between dark matter and visible matter: I. fermionic dark matter
hep-ph 2010-12 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

For fourteen four-fermion dark matter operators, relic density, direct detection and PAMELA antiproton data each constrain different mass ranges, with spin-independent scattering strongest overall and antiproton data ...
A Classification of Dark Matter Candidates with Primarily Spin-Dependent Interactions with Matter
hep-ph 2010-03 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

If dark matter scatters off nuclei primarily through spin-dependent interactions, it is naturally a Majorana fermion or a real vector boson, and its mediator lies at or below the TeV scale.
Scalar Multiplet Dark Matter
hep-ph 2009-03 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Including scalar quartic couplings turns the single dark matter mass predicted by pure gauge annihilation into a range of allowed masses for SU(2) multiplets up to the 7-plet, with corresponding direct and indirect de...
Deducing the nature of dark matter from direct and indirect detection experiments in the absence of collider signatures of new physics
hep-ph 2008-08 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

A systematic survey shows that combining direct detection, solar neutrino, and gamma-ray searches can narrow down the spin and interaction type of a weakly interacting dark matter particle, even without collider input.
Pre-launch estimates for GLAST sensitivity to Dark Matter annihilation signals
astro-ph 2008-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Full LAT detector simulations indicate GLAST can reach WIMP annihilation cross sections near 10^-26 cm^3/s from the Galactic center, halo, subhalos, and dwarf galaxies, provided dark matter halos are cuspy.
Indirect detection imprint of leptophilic dark matter
hep-ph 2019-09 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

Updated indirect-detection limits on leptophilic dark matter effective operators exclude most sub-TeV tau-flavored scenarios and leave only narrow allowed windows plus a high-mass region.
Cosmological searches for the neutrino mass scale and mass ordering
astro-ph.CO 2019-07 unverdicted novelty 4.0 of 10

Thesis summarizing an upper limit of 0.12 eV on the neutrino mass sum, bias calibration via CMB lensing cross-correlations, and tighter limits plus stronger normal-ordering preference in non-phantom dynamical dark ene...
Fermionic dark matter with pseudo-scalar Yukawa interaction
hep-ph 2014-08 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

A 38 GeV singlet fermion with a pseudoscalar mediator, resonantly tuned to mρ = 2mχ, can reproduce the Fermi-LAT Galactic Center gamma-ray excess while evading direct detection.
A Possible Explanation of Low Energy $\gamma$-ray Excess from Galactic Centre and Fermi Bubble by a Dark Matter Model with Two Real Scalars
hep-ph 2013-12 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

A two-scalar dark matter model, tuned to CDMS II, CoGeNT, CRESST II or XENON 100 plus Planck relic density, reproduces the low-energy gamma-ray excess from the Galactic Centre and Fermi Bubbles and prefers flat halo p...
Effective Dark Matter Model: Relic density, CDMS II, Fermi LAT and LHC
hep-ph 2009-12 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

Dimension-six effective dark matter operators are constrained by combining relic abundance, direct detection, and gamma-ray data, yielding allowed regions in dark matter mass versus new-physics scale for scalar, fermi...
The PAMELA Positron Excess from Annihilations into a Light Boson
astro-ph 2008-10 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

Dark matter annihilation into a sub-GeV boson that decays to leptons fits the PAMELA positron excess while kinematically avoiding any antiproton excess.
WIMP dark matter candidates and searches - current status and future prospects
hep-ph 2017-07 accept novelty 3.0 of 10

A survey of WIMP dark matter theory and searches that argues the ~1 TeV Higgsino-like neutralino is the most natural surviving supersymmetric candidate and will be tested by tonne-scale underground detectors.
Dark Matter and Collider Phenomenology of Universal Extra Dimensions
hep-ph 2007-01 accept novelty 3.0 of 10

A comprehensive review of universal extra dimensions argues that the lightest Kaluza-Klein particle is a viable thermal dark matter candidate and lays out the collider, direct-detection, and indirect-detection signatu...
Dark Matter Self-interactions and Small Scale Structure
hep-ph 2017-05 conditional novelty 2.0 of 10

Self-interacting dark matter with a cross section near 1 cm^2/g that falls mildly with velocity can reconcile galactic cores and the too-big-to-fail problem with cluster-scale constraints.
TASI 2011: Four Lectures on TeV Scale Extra Dimensions
hep-ph 2012-07 accept novelty 2.0 of 10

A self-contained pedagogical account of how to compute Kaluza-Klein spectra, wavefunctions, and electroweak constraints in flat and warped TeV-scale extra dimensions, with an introduction to the holographic dual description.
Dark Matter Candidates from Particle Physics and Methods of Detection
astro-ph.CO 2010-03 accept novelty 2.0 of 10

A structured 2010 survey that sorts dark matter candidates by the particle-physics problem motivating each one and tabulates what each predicts for direct detection, indirect detection, colliders, and astrophysics.
Particle Dark Matter: Evidence, Candidates and Constraints
hep-ph 2004-04 accept novelty 2.0 of 10

The review concludes that neutralinos and Kaluza-Klein B(1) particles remain viable dark matter candidates, with direct and indirect searches providing the strongest current and near-future tests.

How later papers used it

134 later papers cite it

Evidence: some. 117 of the citing papers share no author with it, and 7 of those carry a confident label from Pith's citation classifier.

Pith read 9 of the 168 citing sentences, choosing only those whose citation markers point at this paper alone, and wrote the paraphrases from them. The summary, the counts, the evidence level, the links and the quotes come from code; the summary counts the papers listed below. A later paper is listed under a label when Pith's citation classifier gives one of its sentences that label at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), Pith's reading finds that the citing paper itself did it, and a second check confirms the paraphrase against the sentence. This section lists uses only. It does not list criticism or disagreement, so their absence here says nothing about how the paper has been received. Papers that share an author with this one are listed apart, under "By the same authors". A quote is the citing authors' own sentence, shown when their paper's licence is CC BY, CC BY-SA or CC0. JSON

2 later papers by other authors are listed below: 2 used its method or tool.

Uses its method or tool 2 of 4 papers with this label

Computed the B1 B1 to qq annihilation cross-section from this paper's expression.

Addressing $\gamma$-ray emissions from dark matter annihilations in 45 milky way satellite galaxies and in extragalactic sources with particle dark matter models (2019) · 0.92 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Closely followed this paper in its calculation of the LKP scattering cross section off nucleons.

WIMP identification through a combined measurement of axial and scalar couplings (2007) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting

How the literature uses it

122 arXiv papers cite this in 156 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 78 sentences without a confident label

Uses its method or tool 4 papers

For the case of $B^1$ dark matter, the annihilation cross-section $B^1 B^1 ⟶qq$ is computed from the expression [ref] [equation] where $q_L^1$ is the first KK partner of the quark $q_L$, $Y_q_L^1$ and $m_q_L^1$ are respectively the corresponding hypercharge and mass while $θ_W$ is the Weinberg angle.

Addressing $\gamma$-ray emissions from dark matter annihilations in 45 milky way satellite galaxies and in extragalactic sources with particle dark matter models · Formalism for $γ$-ray flux calculations in case of dwarf galaxies from dark matter annihilation · 0.92
Throughout the calculation, the baryon-DM interaction cross-section ($σ̅$) is parameterized as $σ̅=σ_0 v^-4$ [ref] , where the considered dark matter is assumed to be model-independent [ref] .

Bounds on abundance of primordial black hole and dark matter from EDGES 21-cm signal · Introduction · 0.86
Our calculation of the LKP scattering cross section off nucleons closely follows [ref] (see also [ref] ).

WIMP identification through a combined measurement of axial and scalar couplings · Introduction · 1.00

Compares with it 6 papers

For MUED, Fig. [ref] shows excellent agreement between MadDM cross sections and results in literature [ref] .

MadDM: New Dark Matter Tool in the LHC era · MadDM and Validation · 1.00
We compared the results against those using the private code used in Refs. [ref] .

Direct Detection of Dark Matter with MadDM v.2.0 · Minimal Universal Extra Dimensions · 0.98
From the point of view of indirect searches, this feature distinguishes $A_-$ from the UED WIMP candidate $B^1$ [ref] , whose pairs annihilation branching ratios are dominated by charged leptons and harder spectra are produced.

Photons from Dark Matter in a (non-Universal) Extra Dimension model · Introduction · 0.98

Cites it as background 63 papers

Such a situation is common in the most popular theories of dark matter, such as in supersymmetric theories in which a neutralino plays the role of dark matter [ref] , and which can be up-scattered by an energetic beam electron into a selectron [Similarly, in theories with Universal Extra Dimensions [ref] , the dark matter particle may be a Kaluza-Klein excitation of the hypercharge vector boson [ref] , which may up-scatter into a Kaluza-Klein mode of the electron [ref] .] and was first proposed by [ref] and recently studied in [ref] .

Collisions of Jets of Particles from Active Galactic Nuclei with Neutralino Dark Matter · Introduction · 0.84
In this work, we consider a KK dark matter candidate in an extra dimensional model namely Universal Extra Dimensional model (UED) [ref] .

Addressing $\gamma$-ray emissions from dark matter annihilations in 45 milky way satellite galaxies and in extragalactic sources with particle dark matter models · Introduction · 0.91
Another important development was the realization that there could be a geometric origin for the stability of a weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter via Kaluza-Klein (KK) parity [ref] .

5D UED: Flat and Flavorless · Introduction · 0.89

Discussion

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