High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · arXiv:hep-ph/9209259 v1 · submitted 20 Sep 1992
Electric Charge Quantization
The paper says
“Our approach to charge quantization suggests that the minimal standard model should be extended so that family-lepton–number differences are explicitly broken.”
from the abstract · picked out as the main claim by a classifier
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The paper
Abstract
Experimentally it has been known for a long time that the electric charges of the observed particles appear to be quantized. An approach to understanding electric charge quantization that can be used for gauge theories with explicit U(1) factors – such as the standard model and its variants – is pedagogically reviewed and discussed in this article. This approach uses the allowed invariances of the Lagrangian and their associated anomaly cancellation equations. We demonstrate that charge may be de-quantized in the three-generation standard model with massless neutrinos, because differences in family-lepton–numbers are anomaly-free. We also review the relevant experimental limits. Our approach to charge quantization suggests that the minimal standard model should be extended so that family-lepton–number differences are explicitly broken. We briefly discuss some candidate extensions (e.g. the minimal standard model augmented by Majorana right-handed neutrinos).
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abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
How the main claim is stated: hedged possibility 0.99
What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.03 · states limitation 0.58 · human participants 0.02 · controlled comparison 0.02 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.07 · compares with prior results 0.27 · mentions code or data availability 0.02
The abstract, sentence by sentence
This table labels the abstract only (arXiv listing abstract v1). The number is the probability the classifier gave the label.
| Sentence | Role | The authors' own work | States the main conclusion | Strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experimentally it has been known for a long time that the electric charges of the observed particles appear to be quantized. | background 1.00 | 0.03 | 0.02 | asserted 0.77 |
| An approach to understanding electric charge quantization that can be used for gauge theories with explicit $U(1)$ factors -- such as the standard model and its variants -- is pedagogically reviewed and discussed in this article. | contribution 0.95 | 0.43 | 0.05 | asserted 0.82 |
| This approach uses the allowed invariances of the Lagrangian and their associated anomaly cancellation equations. | method 0.98 | 0.20 | 0.03 | asserted 0.98 |
| We demonstrate that charge may be de-quantized in the three-generation standard model with massless neutrinos, because differences in family-lepton--numbers are anomaly-free. | result 0.99 | 0.90 | 0.43 | hedged possibility 0.51 |
| We also review the relevant experimental limits. | contribution 0.73 | 0.44 | 0.02 | asserted 0.54 |
| Our approach to charge quantization suggests that the minimal standard model should be extended so that family-lepton--number differences are explicitly broken. | interpretation 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.74 | hedged possibility 0.99 |
| We briefly discuss some candidate extensions (e.g. the minimal standard model augmented by Majorana right-handed neutrinos). | contribution 0.49 | 0.41 | 0.04 | unclear 0.47 |
What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: review 0.62 · evidence from proof or derivation 0.64
What was examined, and what was not
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- references and citing sentences
- relations to other papers
Levels run
- P abstract
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- S sections
- T body sentences
- C citations
- R cross-paper relations
How the labels were made
Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 5,505 input tokens, $0.0002 reported.
Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. This record as JSON
Cited by 17 Pith papers
Reviewed papers on Pith that cite this one. The full citation record
- Time-of-Flight Constraints on Neutrino Millicharge from Supernova Neutrinos in Galactic Magnetic Fields hep-ph · Apr 2026
- Nonstandard Solution for Anomaly Cancellation as Seesaw Neutrino Origin in the SM hep-ph · Aug 2026
- Phenomenology of Fractionally Charged Particles: Two Reps Are Better Than One hep-ph · Jul 2025
- Non-Universal Flipped Trinification Models with Arbitrary $\beta$ hep-ph · Jun 2025
- Spontaneous CP Violation and Flavor Changing Neutral Currents in Minimal SO(10) hep-ph · Nov 2024
- Making dark matter out of light: freeze-in from plasma effects hep-ph · Feb 2019
- Dark Matter, Millicharges, Axion and Scalar Particles, Gauge Bosons, and Other New Physics with LDMX hep-ph · Jul 2018
- Localized U(1) Gauge Fields, Millicharged Particles, and Holography hep-ph · Dec 2005
- Strongly supercooled first-order phase transitions: monopole abundance, entropy production and homogeneity consistency hep-ph · Nov 2026
- New benchmarks for direct detection of freeze-in dark matter in vector portal models hep-ph · Mar 2026
- Probing Terrestrial Relic Neutrino Charge with Mach-Zehnder Interferometer hep-ph · Jun 2025
- How Charged Can Neutrinos Be? hep-ph · Apr 2025
- Towards the Swampland of Flavour Symmetries hep-ph · Jul 2026
- Light vector mediators at direct detection experiments hep-ph · Feb 2024
- Probing light mediators and $(g-2)_{\mu}$ through detection of coherent elastic neutrino nucleus scattering at COHERENT hep-ph · Feb 2022
- Light sterile neutrinos hep-ph · Jul 2015
- Neutrino electromagnetic interactions: a window to new physics hep-ph · Mar 2014
How the literature uses it
24 arXiv papers cite this in 33 sentences
Papers citing it · 22 sentences without a confident label
Cites it as support 1 paper
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Indeed, it is easy to check that, in general, the deformation $S_dSMq$ (and therefore also $S_dSMGq$) is not compatible with the one-loop cancellation of the gauge anomalies [ref] .
Adler-Bardeen theorem and cancellation of gauge anomalies to all orders in nonrenormalizable theories · Standard model coupled to quantum gravity · 0.99
Cites it as background 9 papers
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These include electromagnetic interactions such as neutrino magnetic moment [ref] , neutrino millicharge [ref] , neutrino charge radius [ref] , anapole moment [ref] and new light vector and scalar mediators that feebly couple to neutrinos and electrons [ref] .
Light new physics and neutrino electromagnetic interactions in XENONnT · Introduction · 0.95
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These will include: the anomaly-free $B-L$ model [ref] , $B$ being the baryon number and $L$ the total lepton number; lepton flavor-dependent interactions like the $L_e - L_μ$, $L_μ- L_τ$ and $L_e - L_τ$ [ref] $U(1)'$ models, also free of quantum anomalies; the $B-2L_e - L_μ$ and $B-2L_e - L_τ$ models [ref] , where leptons have generation-dependent charges under the $U(1)'$ symmetry; the $B-3L_e$ [ref] , $B-3L_μ$ and $B-3L_τ$ scenarios [ref] and $L_e+2L_μ+2L_τ$ [ref] .
Light vector mediators at direct detection experiments · Introduction · 0.91
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We note that models of millicharged DM [ref] can fall under either category: they can arise as a limit of the dark-photon model where the dark photon is nearly massless, or they could be present as Dirac fermions with a tiny hypercharge.[Other models that have been considered in the past require giving neutrinos small charges as well [ref] , which we do not consider further due to strong experimental bounds on neutrino charge [ref] .]
Making dark matter out of light: freeze-in from plasma effects · The case for light vector mediators · 0.90
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