Possible Light U(1) Gauge Boson Coupled to Baryon Number

Christopher D. Carone; Hitoshi Murayama (LBL)

REVIEW

Possible Light U(1) Gauge Boson Coupled to Baryon Number

Christopher D. Carone, Hitoshi Murayama (LBL)

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Submitted 9 Nov 1994 · 23 references

Pith's verdict: The survival claim holds and the m_B–α_B exclusion map is the reusable part; the stress-test's attack on the Υ calibration doesn't land, but Eq. 5 has a flipped exponent.

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arXiv IDhep-ph/9411256 (version 2)

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CitationChristopher D. Carone, Hitoshi Murayama (LBL). "Possible Light U(1) Gauge Boson Coupled to Baryon Number." arXiv:hep-ph/9411256 (1994). https://pith.science/paper/LJVIU62K

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Major objections (3)

[Finally we present one simple extension of the Standard Model] The condition B_Q N_Q = -3 is stated without derivation, and I was unable to reproduce the claim that it cancels all four anomalies with the stated quantum numbers (Q_L doublet with Y=0, U_R with Y=1/2, D_R with Y=-1/2). The Standard Model quark contributions to the U(1)_B³, U(1)_B²U(1)_Y, and U(1)_B U(1)_Y² coefficients are 4/3, 2/3, and 11/6 respectively, while the new fermions as listed contribute 0, 0, and -N_Q B_Q/2 = 3/2. The authors should display all four anomaly coefficients explicitly. If the U(1)_B³ condition is imposed, it requires N_Q B_Q³ = -1/3, which together with N_Q B_Q = -3 gives B_Q = ±1/3 and N_Q = ∓9, i.e., odd N_Q, in conflict with the Witten SU(2) anomaly condition stated in footnote [20] and with the S-parameter bound S_new = N_Q/(6π) < 0.46. This is load-bearing for the paper's existence proof that U(1)_B can be gauged consistently.
[Eq. (5)] The sentence preceding Eq. (5) gives the ratio of γ_B to gluon exchange as (α_B²/18α_s²)(1+m_B²/E_T²)⁻², but Eq. (5) prints the same factor with exponent +2. As written, the predicted gap fraction grows with m_B, which is unphysical. With the correct -2 exponent, the prediction at m_B = 30 GeV and E_T = 30 GeV is reduced by a factor of 16 relative to the printed formula, which materially weakens the claim that γ_B exchange can account for the observed rapidity-gap rate. This is the paper's most striking claim and the equation should be corrected.
[The Z hadronic width] The bound compares ΔΓ(Z→hadrons) to the two-standard-deviation uncertainty in α_s(m_Z) = 0.124 ± 0.0086. But α_s(m_Z) is extracted assuming the Standard Model, and the Z lineshape itself is a dominant input to that average, so the comparison is not independent of the hypothesis being tested. The authors acknowledge the direction of the bias ('the data may be viewed as suggesting its existence') but do not quantify it. The bound would be more transparent if stated directly in terms of the measured Γ_had or R_l and its experimental error, with the α_s extraction shown separately. The mapping from δα_s to δΓ_had is also not displayed; a short table of the bound at several m_B would let the reader check the α_B ≈ 0.2 number.

Minor objections (8)

[Fig. 1 caption] The caption states that 'the parameter space above each of the lines shown is excluded,' but the m_B < m_Υ branch of the Υ constraint excludes m_B < m_Υ√(1-33.2α_B), i.e., below a line. The caption should distinguish the two branches.
[Υ(1S) Decay] The derivation of ΔR_Υ < 17.2 from α_s(m_Z) = 0.108 ± 0.010 should be shown. I checked that the quadratic term in Eq. (4) dominates and reproduces the 43.8 coefficient, so the concern that this coefficient should be ~4.4 does not land; but the 33.2 coefficient in the m_B < m_Υ branch is not explained, presumably because real γ_B production is not in Eq. (4).
[Eq. (5)] The 4×10⁻² prefactor should be shown to be (α_B²/18α_s²) evaluated at α_B = 0.1 and the α_s value used, and the 1/18 should be derived, showing the B = 1/3 coupling and the color average.
[Conclusions] The statement 'there is no constraint from proton decay experiments' should be qualified: the new fermions could mediate proton decay via dimension-6 operators if they have Yukawa couplings to the Standard Model, even if the gauge current is conserved.
[The γ_B boson decays to qq] The width formula Γ_B = N_F α_B m_B/9 assumes massless quarks; threshold effects near 2m_b should be noted.
[Z → jets] The relation between the OPAL 9.1% four-quark-jet fraction and the σ4/σ0 comparison should be stated more explicitly, and the statement that 'the three-jet analysis will not yield a further constraint' is asserted rather than shown.
[If m_B >~ 20 GeV] The statement that all α_s analyses based on DIS, lattice quarkonia, and τ decay remain unaffected for m_B >~ 20 GeV is asserted without estimate. Since the allowed region's lower boundary is set by this claim together with the Υ bound, a brief quantitative estimate of the γ_B contribution to each observable would establish that the region is not further constrained.
[The CP-even excited states] The search for a monochromatic photon from χ_b → γγ_B is mentioned but not quantified; a sentence on the expected rate would help the reader judge whether this channel is competitive.

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The paper

The paper claims

A light U(1) gauge boson coupled only to baryon number can survive current experimental constraints if its mass is above roughly 20 GeV and its coupling below about 0.2.

The reading

The paper asks whether a new U(1) gauge symmetry carried by baryon number can be spontaneously broken while its gauge boson, $gamma_B$, remains lighter than the $Z$ and still escape every then-current experimental constraint. The authors compute the corrections this quark-only boson would make to the $Z$ hadronic width, the rate and shape of $Z$-to-four-jet events, the dijet invariant-mass distribution, and the hadronic width of the $Upsilon(1S)$, then compare each with the measured Standard Model values. They find a surviving region roughly $m_B gtrsim 20$ GeV and $alpha_B lesssim 0.2$, where $4 pi alpha_B$ is the squared gauge coupling. In part of that region the same boson could produce the large-rapidity-gap events seen at the Tevatron, and the paper supplies an anomaly-free fermion content that makes the gauge symmetry consistent.

What carries the argument

The machinery is a parton-level calculation of the extra $gamma_B$ contributions to $Z$ and $Upsilon$ observables, organized by the JADE jet algorithm, in which a pair of jets is combined when $y_{ij} = 2E_iE_j(1-cos theta_{ij})/m_Z^2 < y_{rm cut}$. The $gamma_B$ width is taken as $Gamma_B = N_F alpha_B m_B/9$, and its exchange amplitude is compared with the QCD four-jet background and with gluon exchange in rapidity-gap events. This turns the $m_B$-$alpha_B$ plane into experimentally bounded regions.

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that gauging baryon number does not force a heavy gauge boson: a $gamma_B$ with $m_B$ below $m_Z$ and $alpha_B$ up to about 0.2 is consistent with the $Z$ hadronic width, four-jet bounds, dijet spectra, and $Upsilon$ decays. The allowed window is roughly $m_B gtrsim 20$ GeV and $alpha_B lesssim 0.2$, and within it $gamma_B$ exchange can account for Tevatron rapidity gaps when $alpha_B simeq 0.1$ and $m_B lesssim 30$ GeV. Anomalies cancel with $N_Q$ doublets and singlets satisfying $B_Q N_Q = -3$.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that the Standard Model values of $alpha_s$ used to calibrate the $Z$-width and $Upsilon$ bounds are the correct benchmarks, so that any extra $gamma_B$ contribution appears as tension rather than as part of the measured coupling.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

Baryon number can be a local symmetry without inducing proton decay, because the current remains conserved after spontaneous breaking.
A quark-only gauge boson with mass near 20–30 GeV and coupling near 0.1 can produce the large-rapidity-gap events observed at the Tevatron.
The same boson would add a positive contribution to the $Z$ hadronic width, so precision $Z$ data could hide it and may even prefer it if $alpha_s(m_Z)$ from LEP runs high.
Anomaly cancellation requires new fermions with the quantum numbers of a one-doublet technicolor model, making the model testable through the $S$ parameter.
Existing LEP four-jet angular distributions, reanalyzed at larger $y_{rm cut}$, can extend the search beyond the $Upsilon$-decay bounds.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Editorial extension: the exclusion lines are drawn with fixed Standard Model $alpha_s$; a simultaneous fit of $alpha_s$ and $alpha_B$ would be a more honest test and could shift the allowed window.
Editorial extension: the QCD-pomeron and $gamma_B$-exchange explanations of rapidity gaps differ in how the gap rate scales with $E_T$ and $m_B$, so a bin-by-bin Tevatron reanalysis could discriminate them without new data.
Editorial extension: because the required fermions are exactly a one-doublet technicolor sector, a light $gamma_B$ would double as a low-mass remnant of that sector and should be searched for wherever technicolor-like resonances are sought.

Original abstract

We discuss the phenomenology of a light U(1) gauge boson, $\gamma_B$, that couples only to baryon number. We assume that the new U(1) gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken and that the $\gamma_B$ mass is smaller than $m_Z$. Nevertheless, we show that the model survives the current experimental constraints. In addition, we argue that evidence for the existence of such a particle could be hidden in existing LEP and Tevatron data. We determine the allowed regions of the $m_B$-$\alpha_B$ plane, where $m_B$ is the $\gamma_B$ mass, and where $4 \pi \alpha_B$ is the squared gauge coupling. We point out that in some parts of the allowed parameter space our model can account for rapidity gap events in proton-antiproton scattering seen at the Fermilab Tevatron.

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged, kept beside the review and separate from it. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 4,930 input tokens, $0.0002 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.03 · states limitation 0.33 · human participants 0.02 · controlled comparison 0.03 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.22 · compares with prior results 0.19 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v2. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

We discuss the phenomenology of a light U(1) gauge boson, $\gamma_B$, that couples only to baryon number. We assume that the new U(1) gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken and that the $\gamma_B$ mass is smaller than $m_Z$. Nevertheless, we show that the model survives the current experimental constraints. In addition, we argue that evidence for the existence of such a particle could be hidden in existing LEP and Tevatron data. We determine the allowed regions of the $m_B$-$\alpha_B$ plane, where $m_B$ is the $\gamma_B$ mass, and where $4 \pi \alpha_B$ is the squared gauge coupling. We point out that in some parts of the allowed parameter space our model can account for rapidity gap events in proton-antiproton scattering seen at the Fermilab Tevatron.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	We discuss the phenomenology of a light U(1) gauge boson, $\gamma_B$, that couples only to baryon number.	contribution 0.98	0.71	0.09	asserted 0.80
s1	We assume that the new U(1) gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken and that the $\gamma_B$ mass is smaller than $m_Z$.	method 0.87	0.28	0.04	asserted 0.91
s2	Nevertheless, we show that the model survives the current experimental constraints.	result 0.98	0.90	0.49	asserted 1.00
s3	In addition, we argue that evidence for the existence of such a particle could be hidden in existing LEP and Tevatron data.	interpretation 0.58	0.51	0.13	hedged possibility 1.00
s4	We determine the allowed regions of the $m_B$-$\alpha_B$ plane, where $m_B$ is the $\gamma_B$ mass, and where $4 \pi \alpha_B$ is the squared gauge coupling.	result 0.56	0.95	0.12	asserted 1.00
s5	We point out that in some parts of the allowed parameter space our model can account for rapidity gap events in proton-antiproton scattering seen at the Fermilab Tevatron.	interpretation 0.70	0.71	0.18	hedged possibility 0.96

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: theoretical result 1.00 · evidence from argument 0.41.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v2

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

levels run

P abstract

not run

S sections
T body sentences
C citations
R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

Figures

**Figure 1.** Allowed regions of the mB-αB plane at 95 % C.L. or two standard deviations. The bounds shown come from (1) the Z hadronic width, (2) the fraction of four-quark jet events in four-jet events, (3) the hadronic decay width of the Υ(1S). The parameter space above each of the lines shown is excluded, and the weaker constraints discussed in the text are not shown

Figures reproduced from arXiv:hep-ph/9411256 by the authors.

References

Works cited (23)

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In addition, NQ must be taken to be even to avoid the SU(2) anomaly (E. Witten, Phys. Lett. B117, 324 (1982))

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View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1994
[3]

See e.g., C.N. Yang and R.L. Mills, Phys. Rev. 96, 191 (1954)

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[4]

There is also a parameter that describes the kinetic mixing betwee n the U(1)B and U(1) Y gauge bosons (see e.g., A. Nelson and N. Tetradis, Phys. Lett. B221, 80 (1989)). LEP data and low-energy e+e− experi- ments constrain this parameter to be small, and we do not discuss it a ny further here. Phenomenology associated with the kinetic mixing will b e con...

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D0 Collaboration (S. Abachi et al .), Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 2332 (1994); CDF Collaboration (F. Abe, et al. ), FERMILAB-PUB-94-194-E

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For a comprehensive review, see H.E. Haber, SCIPP-93-21, hep - ph/9308235, and references therein. For constraints from LEP , see G.R. Farrar, Phys. Lett. B265, 395 (1991); R. Mu˜ noz-Tapia and W.J. Stir- ling, Phys. Rev. D49, 3763 (1994)

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T. Kon and T. Nonaka, Phys. Lett. B319, 355 (1993); M. Fukugita, H. Murayama, M. Yamaguchi, and T. Yanagida, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 3009 (1994)

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C.D. Carone and H. Murayama, work in progress

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Particle Data Group (L. Montanet et al .), Phys. Rev. D50, 1173 (1994). 7

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All the distributions are computed by HELAS (H. Murayama, I. W atan- abe, and K. Hagiwara, KEK-91-11) and BASES (S. Kawabata, Comput. Phys. Commun. 41 127 (1986))

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OPAL Collaboration (M.Z. Akrawy et al. ), Z. Phys. C 49 , 49 (1991)

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ALEPH (D. Decamp et al. ), Phys. Rep. 216, 253 (1992)

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The running of αB from mZ to mΥ is small for αB <∼ 0.2, allowed by the Z hadronic width

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[14]

This point was noted independently by David Bailey and Sacha David - son, private communication

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ALEPH Collaboration (D. Decamp et al.), Phys. Lett. B284 151 (1992); L3 Collaboration (B. Adeva et al. ), Phys. Lett. B248 227 (1990); DEL- PHI Collaboration (P. Abreu et al. ), Z. Phys. C 59 , 357 (1993); OPAL Collaboration (R. Akers et al. ), CERN-PP3/94-135

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E. Gotsman, E.M. Levin, and U. Maor, Phys. Lett. B309, 199 (1993)

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W.J. Stirling, Nucl. Phys. B 423, 56 (1994); H.N. Chehime and D. Zep- penfeld, MAD-PH-814, hep-ph/9401244

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[19]

For mB < m Υ, there is also some contribution to the rapidity gap events at HERA [8]

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[21]

S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. D13, 974 (1976); Phys. Rev. D19, 1277 (1979); L. Susskind, Phys. Rev. D20, 2619 (1979)

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[23]

M.E. Peskin and T. Takeuchi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 964 (1990). 8 Figure Captions Fig. 1. Allowed regions of the mB-αB plane at 95 % C.L. or two standard deviations. The bounds shown come from (1) the Z hadronic width, (2) the fraction of four-quark jet events in four-jet events, (3) the h adronic decay width of the Υ(1 S). The parameter space above each of...

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1990

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How the literature uses it

43 arXiv papers cite this in 58 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 32 sentences without a confident label

Uses its method or tool 2 papers

With the formulas given in Ref. [ref] for the $Z'$ loop contribution, we find that the upper limits on the coupling-to-mass ratios, $b/m_Z'^$, are of order 1 to 2 per mill for our $m_Z'^$ range of interest and thus higher than their counterparts in the presence of mixing.

Probing Leptonic Interactions of a Family-Nonuniversal Z' Boson · Interactions · 0.95
Following a similar calculation as in Refs. [ref] , we have the summation of direct production of $Z →q̅q Z^'$ and the $Zq̅q$ vertex correction to be

Dark Matter Searches with a Mono-Z' jet · Public Dark $Z^'$ Model · 0.86

Uses its data or values 1 paper

We also take the limit from Ref. [ref] for $Z-Z'_B$ mixing induced at one-loop by SM quarks [ref] .

Probing new $U(1)$ gauge symmetries via exotic $Z \to Z' \gamma$ decays · Coupling-mass Mapping for $U(1)_B$ · 0.97

Compares with it 1 paper

The above result agrees with the analytic expression given in [ref] .

Massive Color-Octet Bosons: Bounds on Effects in Top-Quark Pair Production · Form Factors for $Z →q q̅$ · 0.99

Cites it as background 17 papers

There is an extensive literature on the possibility of gauged baryon number; for discussion of the motivations and phenomenology, see, for example, Refs. [ref] .

Asymptotically safe dark matter with gauged baryon number · Introduction · 0.95
We consider (i) the dark photon ($A'$) [ref] and (ii) the baryon number gauge boson ($B$) [ref] .

Searching for hadronic scale baryonic and dark forces at $(g-2)_\mu$'s lattice-vs-dispersion front · New Physics Models · 0.93
This model has been investigated in many papers over the past decades, with motivations including acting as a stabilisation mechanism for baryon number [ref] , mediating a new force that avoids the strong constraints coming from leptonic, axial, or non-Minimal Flavor Violation couplings [ref] , as well as addressing experimental anomalies [ref] .

Dark forces coupled to non-conserved currents · Baryon number coupled vector · 0.93

Discussion

Disagree with the review, or know something it missed? Leave a comment, highlight any passage above to comment on it, or challenge this review formally.

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In addition, NQ must be taken to be even to avoid the SU(2) anomaly (E. Witten, Phys. Lett. B117, 324 (1982))

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S. Giddings and A. Strominger, Nucl. Phys. B307, 854 (1988); S. Cole- man, Nucl. Phys. B310, 643 (1988); G. Gilbert, Nucl. Phys. B328, 159 (1989)

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See for instance, A.E. Faraggi, Nucl. Phys. B428, 111 (1994); H. Mu- rayama and D.B. Kaplan, Phys. Lett. B336, 221 (1994); V. Ben-Hamo and Y. Nir, WIS-94-34-PH, hep-ph/9408315

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See e.g., C.N. Yang and R.L. Mills, Phys. Rev. 96, 191 (1954)

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There is also a parameter that describes the kinetic mixing betwee n the U(1)B and U(1) Y gauge bosons (see e.g., A. Nelson and N. Tetradis, Phys. Lett. B221, 80 (1989)). LEP data and low-energy e+e− experi- ments constrain this parameter to be small, and we do not discuss it a ny further here. Phenomenology associated with the kinetic mixing will b e con...

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D0 Collaboration (S. Abachi et al .), Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 2332 (1994); CDF Collaboration (F. Abe, et al. ), FERMILAB-PUB-94-194-E

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For a comprehensive review, see H.E. Haber, SCIPP-93-21, hep - ph/9308235, and references therein. For constraints from LEP , see G.R. Farrar, Phys. Lett. B265, 395 (1991); R. Mu˜ noz-Tapia and W.J. Stir- ling, Phys. Rev. D49, 3763 (1994)

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T. Kon and T. Nonaka, Phys. Lett. B319, 355 (1993); M. Fukugita, H. Murayama, M. Yamaguchi, and T. Yanagida, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 3009 (1994)

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C.D. Carone and H. Murayama, work in progress

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Particle Data Group (L. Montanet et al .), Phys. Rev. D50, 1173 (1994). 7

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All the distributions are computed by HELAS (H. Murayama, I. W atan- abe, and K. Hagiwara, KEK-91-11) and BASES (S. Kawabata, Comput. Phys. Commun. 41 127 (1986))

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OPAL Collaboration (M.Z. Akrawy et al. ), Z. Phys. C 49 , 49 (1991)

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ALEPH (D. Decamp et al. ), Phys. Rep. 216, 253 (1992)

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The running of αB from mZ to mΥ is small for αB <∼ 0.2, allowed by the Z hadronic width

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[15] [14]

This point was noted independently by David Bailey and Sacha David - son, private communication

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ALEPH Collaboration (D. Decamp et al.), Phys. Lett. B284 151 (1992); L3 Collaboration (B. Adeva et al. ), Phys. Lett. B248 227 (1990); DEL- PHI Collaboration (P. Abreu et al. ), Z. Phys. C 59 , 357 (1993); OPAL Collaboration (R. Akers et al. ), CERN-PP3/94-135

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O. Nachtmann and A. Reiter, Z. Phys. C 16, 45 (1982); M. Bentsson and P.M. Zerwas, Phys. Lett. B208, 306 (1988)

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E. Gotsman, E.M. Levin, and U. Maor, Phys. Lett. B309, 199 (1993)

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W.J. Stirling, Nucl. Phys. B 423, 56 (1994); H.N. Chehime and D. Zep- penfeld, MAD-PH-814, hep-ph/9401244

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For mB < m Υ, there is also some contribution to the rapidity gap events at HERA [8]

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[21] [21]

S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. D13, 974 (1976); Phys. Rev. D19, 1277 (1979); L. Susskind, Phys. Rev. D20, 2619 (1979)

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For one example of a technicolor model with scalars, see C.D. Car one and H. Georgi, Phys. Rev. D49, 1427 (1994)

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M.E. Peskin and T. Takeuchi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 964 (1990). 8 Figure Captions Fig. 1. Allowed regions of the mB-αB plane at 95 % C.L. or two standard deviations. The bounds shown come from (1) the Z hadronic width, (2) the fraction of four-quark jet events in four-jet events, (3) the h adronic decay width of the Υ(1 S). The parameter space above each of...

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1990