A Large-N Reduced Model as Superstring

A. Tsuchiya; H. Kawai; N. Ishibashi; Y. Kitazawa

REVIEW

A Large-N Reduced Model as Superstring

N. Ishibashi, H. Kawai, Y. Kitazawa, A. Tsuchiya

High Energy Physics - Theory · Submitted 11 Dec 1996 · 13 references

Pith's verdict: The IKKT paper: a genuinely new supersymmetric matrix model with real one-loop checks, whose constructive-definition claim rests on an unproven UV fixed point the authors openly flag as an expectation.

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arXiv IDhep-th/9612115 (version 2)

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CitationA. Tsuchiya, H. Kawai, N. Ishibashi, Y. Kitazawa. "A Large-N Reduced Model as Superstring." arXiv:hep-th/9612115 (1996). https://pith.science/paper/JDCIDV6B

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Editor's note

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This is the IKKT paper, and it earns its place. The model in Eq. (2.22) is new: a matrix integral with manifest ten-dimensional N=2 invariance, obtained by pushing the Green-Schwarz action in Schild gauge through the Eguchi-Kawai correspondence. The supersymmetry algebra closes up to gauge transformations and the psi equation of motion (2.29-2.33), the one-loop effective action (3.14) is actually computed in the appendix, BPS backgrounds get no corrections (3.17), and the interaction between two anti-parallel D-strings (3.31) reproduces the supergravity exchange in tensor structure and distance dependence (3.58). Those are checkable results, not hand-waving. The observation in Sec. 4.3 that the same model contains BFSS at another point of moduli space is a nice bonus and, in hindsight, the most consequential paragraph in the paper. The writing is honest about what is conjecture and what is derived, which I appreciate more now than I did at the time. Two soft spots, in proportion. First, the load-bearing one: the constructive definition needs the double-scaling limit (4.8), which needs a nontrivial UV fixed point of (4.1). Sec. 4.2 asserts the expectation and offers mildness of one-loop divergences plus an analogy to 10D SYM, which is not independent support since that theory's own UV completion is exactly what is at issue. Eq. (4.17) even exhibits a 1/a^2 Tr(FFFF) divergence requiring a counterterm absent from the bare action, and the paper says counterterms must be added without showing finitely many suffice. That is the precise gap. It is acknowledged, not hidden, so I would not call it a flaw in honesty, only in completeness. Second, and minor: the abstract's claim that the massless spectrum 'is the same as that of type IIB' is supported by long-range 1/r^8 potentials between BPS objects, not by a spectrum computation. The wording runs slightly ahead of the evidence. Also note the alpha/beta matching in Sec. 3.5 fixes two parameters against known string quantities, so the overall coefficient is matched rather than predicted; the tensor structure and the non-renormalization are the independent content. Worth a serious referee, and worth citing.

Referee report

Major objections (4)

[Sec. 4.2, Eq. (4.17) and Eq. (4.8)] The double-scaling limit (4.8) presupposes a nontrivial UV fixed point of (4.1), which the text asserts ('we expect that there is a nontrivial fixed point of renormalization group of the theory (4.1)') but does not demonstrate. The one-loop result (4.17) produces a const.(1/a^2) Tr(F F F F) term, a dimension-8 operator absent from the bare action (4.1); the paper acknowledges that counterterms must be added but does not show that finitely many counterterms consistent with the N=2 supersymmetry and gauge symmetry suffice. A concrete test would be to exhibit the one-loop counterterm structure and check its closure under the symmetries, or to compute the two-loop beta function. Without such a check, the constructive-definition claim of abstract:s2 rests on an unverified assumption, and the 'mildness' of the divergences is not by itself a zero of the beta function.
[Sec. 2, Eq. (2.21)] The sum over n in (2.21) is weighted by e^{-S} with S containing +β Tr 1 = βn, and β is fixed positive in Eq. (3.60). This suppresses rather than enhances large n, in tension with the stated expectation that 'large values of n dominate' and with the correspondence (2.23), which requires large n. From Eq. (4.13) the entropy factor is (l^10 α^{5/2})^N/N!, so large N requires l^10 α^{5/2} e^{-β} ≫ 1; this condition is neither stated nor checked against the double-scaling limit (4.8). Please state the condition under which the large-n saddle dominates, and verify that it is compatible with (4.8).
[Sec. 3.4, Eq. (3.52) versus Sec. 3.3, Eq. (3.31)] The general block-block interaction is reported in (3.52) as O(1/d^8) with four field strengths, whereas the exact computation for the anti-parallel D-string background gives O(f^3/b^6) with f_01 = -TL/2πn (Eq. 3.31). In the D-string background f_01 is O(1) and the F-expansion underlying (3.51) is not obviously controlled; please state the regime of validity of (3.51)–(3.52) and reconcile the two scalings. This matters because the massless-spectrum claim of abstract:s1 rests on the tensor structure extracted from (3.52).
[Sec. 3.5, Eqs. (3.56)–(3.60)] α and β are determined by matching the D-string tension ρ and the gravitational coupling κ, so the overall coefficient of the 1/b^6 interaction in (3.31) is matched to (3.58) rather than predicted. The genuine parameter-free content is the relative tensor structure in (3.52), i.e., the relative coefficients of the graviton and scalar exchanges, which is independent of α and β. The paper should state this distinction explicitly, because the abstract's claim that the massless spectrum 'is the same as that of type IIB string theory' is supported by the tensor structure, not by the normalization.

Minor objections (7)

[Eq. (3.14)] The subscript λ in P^2_λ is not defined anywhere in the text; please define it or remove it.
[Sec. 2, footnote on p. 3] The reality and hermiticity conditions on ψ after the analytic continuation θ2 → iθ2 should be stated explicitly, since the trace over 16-component spinors with the (1+Γ_11)/2 projection and the Minkowski continuation require care.
[Appendix, case (2), Eq. (A.19)] The criterion 'P_i = 0 for at least one direction i' does not literally hold for the tilted two-D-string configuration (3.13), where P'_2 has no c-number piece but is not zero as an operator; please explain why the phase θ vanishes there.
[Sec. 2, paragraph after Eq. (2.33)] The statement that the global N=2 supersymmetry 'is extended to the local one inevitably since the N=1 supersymmetry is maximal in ten-dimensional gauge theory' does not follow for a zero-dimensional matrix model; local supersymmetry is not implied by global supersymmetry plus Lorentz invariance in this setting. This does not affect the main claim, which rests on the one-loop computation, but the sentence should be softened.
[Sec. 4.3, Eqs. (4.19)–(4.20)] The identification of the BFSS parameters g and R with those of the matrix model is not given; please state the map explicitly.
[Sec. 5, Eqs. (5.1)–(5.6)] The identification of the Wilson loop with the string creation operator is heuristic, as the paper acknowledges ('we cannot demand the exact coincidence'); it should be presented as a consistency check rather than as evidence.
[Sec. 3.1, Eqs. (3.6)–(3.7)] The error terms in the approximate commutation relation [q,p] = i for finite n should be estimated, since they propagate into the one-loop results of Sec. 3.3.

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The paper

The paper claims

The authors propose that a matrix model built from ten hermitian matrices and one fermion, with manifest ten-dimensional $N=2$ supersymmetry, is equivalent to type IIB superstring theory, and that the large-$N$ reduced model of ten-

The reading

The paper asks whether a finite-dimensional matrix integral can stand in for an entire string theory. Its authors propose an action built from ten hermitian matrices $A_$ and a fermion $A_$, namely $S = -$, and choose it because it carries the same ten-dimensional $N=2$ supersymmetry algebra as the type IIB Green-Schwarz string written in the Schild gauge. Their evidence is twofold: the one-loop effective action around BPS-saturated backgrounds vanishes exactly, and the leading interaction between two widely separated blocks of eigenvalues has the $1/r^8$ form produced by exchanging a graviton and an antisymmetric tensor field, with the string tension fixed by the eigenvalue spacing. If the conjecture holds, string theory acquires a definition that is finite-dimensional at every step, manifestly supersymmetric, and automatically includes multi-string states as block-diagonal configurations.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing device is the correspondence $-i[~,~]$, which sends matrix commutators to Poisson brackets and traces to integrals over a worldsheet, converting the matrix action into the Schild form of the Green-Schwarz string. On top of that sits the one-loop effective action around a general background, $W = 1/2 Tr log(P^2 - 2iF) - 1/4 Tr log((P^2 + 1/2 i F_{munu} Gamma^{munu})(1+Gamma_{11})/2) - Tr log(P^2)$, in which $P$ and $F$ are the adjoint actions of the background. This formula is what makes the BPS argument work: when the background field strength is a c-number the bosonic, fermionic and ghost contributions cancel, giving $W=0$, and when two blocks are separated the expansion of the same formula produces the $1/r^8$ graviton and antisymmetric-tensor exchange that lets the authors match $TL/2pi n$ to the string slope $alpha'$ and thereby fix the two couplings of the model.

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that the large-$N$ reduced model of ten-dimensional super Yang-Mills theory, taken in a double-scaling limit, is a constructive definition of type IIB superstring theory. The chain runs as follows. The zero-volume reduction of the super Yang-Mills action, plus a term proportional to the identity, is a matrix model whose commutators and traces become Poisson brackets and worldsheet integrals in a smooth large-$N$ limit, so the matrix action turns into the Green-Schwarz action in Schild gauge. The model has a manifest $N=2$ ten-dimensional supersymmetry, which the authors verify by computing the commutators of the two supersymmetry variations up to gauge transformations and the fermion equation of motion; since $N=1$ is maximal for a ten-dimensional gauge theory, the second supersymmetry is argued to be unavoidable. Straight D-strings appear as classical solutions in which two matrices satisfy the canonical commutation relation $[q,p]=i$ and the remaining matrices are diagonal constants, and the one-loop corrections around these BPS backgrounds cancel between bosons and fermions. Space-time itself is not an input: the eigenvalues of the matrices are reinterpreted as coordinates, and the trace parts of diagonal blocks become the centres of mass of the objects they describe.

Load-bearing premise

The argument needs the large-$N$ reduced model to possess a nontrivial ultraviolet fixed point, so that the double-scaling limit $a to 0$, $g_0 sim a^{-3}$, $N sim a^{-10}$ actually defines a continuum theory; the paper states this as an expectation and does not demonstrate it.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

String theory would have a definition that is a finite-dimensional matrix integral at every stage, with no worldsheet path integral to regulate and no sum over genera inserted by hand.
Multi-string states would come for free: whenever the matrices are block-diagonal the action splits into a sum of traces, one per block, so the single model already contains arbitrary numbers of strings and their interactions.
Space-time coordinates would be emergent rather than assumed, arising as the eigenvalues of the matrices, with the trace parts of diagonal blocks playing the role of centres of mass.
Because the model's moduli space contains a point whose action coincides with the Banks-Fischler-Shenker-Susskind matrix quantum mechanics, the same construction would also contain type IIA string theory, with the two readings related by T-duality.
Wilson loops of the reduced model would act as creation operators for string states with definite momentum, while the classical matrix solutions would act as the D-objects on which those strings end.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The BPS argument is a one-loop statement, so the natural next test is a two-loop computation of the force between separated blocks; a deviation from the $1/r^8$ graviton-plus-antisymmetric-tensor form at that order would be the cleanest place to see whether the correspondence survives quantum corrections.
The identification of the string slope with $TL/2pi n$ ties the model's coupling to the density of eigenvalues, which suggests that the string coupling itself is not a free parameter but is determined by how the eigenvalues distribute in the double-scaling limit.
If the emergent-space picture is right, then the notorious difficulty of formulating quantum gravity in fixed backgrounds is replaced by the difficulty of showing that a smooth eigenvalue distribution is a stable saddle, which is a question about the eigenvalue gas rather than about geometry.
The paper's own remark that the moduli space can be read either as type IIB or as type IIA invites the question of what distinguishes the two readings at finite $N$, where T-duality is not exact.

Original abstract

A matrix model which has the manifest ten-dimensional N=2 super Poincare invariance is proposed. Interactions between BPS-saturated states are analyzed to show that massless spectrum is the same as that of type IIB string theory. It is conjectured that the large-N reduced model of ten-dimensional super Yang-Mills theory can be regarded as a constructive definition of this model and therefore is equivalent to superstring theory.

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Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 2,932 input tokens, $0.0001 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.04 · states limitation 0.18 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.03 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.09 · compares with prior results 0.41 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

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arXiv listing abstract v2. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

A matrix model which has the manifest ten-dimensional N=2 super Poincare invariance is proposed. Interactions between BPS-saturated states are analyzed to show that massless spectrum is the same as that of type IIB string theory. It is conjectured that the large-N reduced model of ten-dimensional super Yang-Mills theory can be regarded as a constructive definition of this model and therefore is equivalent to superstring theory.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	A matrix model which has the manifest ten-dimensional N=2 super Poincare invariance is proposed.	contribution 0.97	0.82	0.06	asserted 0.97
s1	Interactions between BPS-saturated states are analyzed to show that massless spectrum is the same as that of type IIB string theory.	result 0.94	0.83	0.08	asserted 1.00
s2	It is conjectured that the large-N reduced model of ten-dimensional super Yang-Mills theory can be regarded as a constructive definition of this model and therefore is equivalent to superstring theory.	interpretation 0.99	0.26	0.92	speculative 0.99

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: theoretical result 0.83 · evidence from proof or derivation 0.51.

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References

Works cited (13)

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[1] #1 [1] < #1 \, [1] \, #1 \, > [2] < #1 \, \, #2 > [1] < \, #1 \, > e r n x t p k o u v d ] [ . equation document 0cm 7mm titlepage footnote flushright tabular l KEK-TH-503 \\ TIT/HEP-357\\ hep-th/9612115\\ December 1996 tabular flushright \\ \\ \\ * 0cm Large 2cm center A Large-N Reduced Model as Superstring \\ center Large 1cm center Nobuyuki I shiba...

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A. Sen, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A9 (1994) 3703;\\ J.H. Schwarz, Lett. Math. Phys. 34 (1995) 309;\\ J. Maharana and J. Schwarz, Nucl. Phys. B390 (1993) 3. th

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J. Polchinski, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 (1995) 4724

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T. Eguchi and H. Kawai, Phys. Rev. Lett. 48 (1982) 1063.\\ G. Parisi, Phys. Lett. 112B (1982) 463.\\ D. Gross and Y. Kitazawa, Nucl. Phys. B206 (1982) 440.\\ G. Bhanot, U. Heller and H. Neuberger, Phys. Lett. 113B (1982) 47.\\ S. Das and S. Wadia, Phys. Lett. 117B (1982) 228

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T. Banks, W. Fischler, S.H. Shenker and L. Susskind, hep-th/9610043

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M. Green and J. Schwarz, Phys. Lett. 136B (1984) 367

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A. Schild, Phys. Rev. D16 (1977) 1722

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The similarity between the large-N reduced model and string theory in the Schild gauge was investigated by Bars some time ago for bosonic string case: I. Bars, Phys. Lett. 245B (1990)35; 'Strings 90', eds. R. Arnowitt et. al. (Proc. of the Superstring Workshop, Texas A & M Univ., 1990) p.202; 'Beyond the Standard Model', ed. K. Milton (Proc. of conference...

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A. Jevicki and T. Yoneya, private communication

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V. Periwal, hep-th/9611103

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A. Dabholkar, J.A. Harvey, G. Gibbons and F. Ruiz Ruiz,

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M5 from M2
hep-th 2008-04 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Expanding the BLG membrane action on a Nambu-Poisson three-manifold to quadratic order produces a six-dimensional self-dual 2-form gauge field, matching the free field content of the M5-brane.
Emergent Gravity from Noncommutative Gauge Theory
hep-th 2007-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

The matrix-model action for noncommutative U(n) gauge theory is reinterpreted as SU(n) gauge theory coupled to an emergent metric determined by a dynamical Poisson structure.
Phase structure of the large-N reduced gauge theory and generalized Weingarten model
hep-th 2006-04 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Simulations of a generalized reduced Weingarten model find the U(1)^d symmetry breaks sequentially and then restores as couplings vary.
Little IIB Matrix Model
hep-th 2006-03 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A zero-dimensional matrix model from D=6 pure super Yang-Mills theory is argued to describe the (2,0) Little String Theory at large N, supported by a 1/r^4 force law and (2,0) tensor multiplet vertex operators.
Curved Superspaces and Local Supersymmetry in Supermatrix Model
hep-th 2006-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Supercovariant derivatives on curved superspace are represented by supermatrices, so local supersymmetry becomes part of the superunitary symmetry, and supergravity equations are compatible with the model's equations ...
Gram--Wishart--Stiefel formulation of the $N=2$, large--$d$ gauge theory in 1D: towards emergent Grassmannian geometry
hep-th 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.5 of 10

Gram/Wishart/Stiefel reformulation of N=2 large-d BFSS/BMN endpoints absorbs -A into a shifted mass and recovers the universal continuum -2d DΛ-channel after non-polynomial transverse completion.
One-Loop Fluctuation Response Along a Constrained Noncommutative Modulus in the Lorentzian IIB Matrix Model
hep-th 2026-08 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

On a constrained N=5 Lorentzian IIB branch with numerically constant quadratic extent spectrum, the fermionic Pfaffian and the framed higher-L SO(5) observables vary along the modulus and resolve the degeneracy.
The IKKT renormalization group flow is IIB: toward zero-d holography
hep-th 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

IKKT RG flow via Coulomb branch integration and BZJ flow reproduces the N-dependence of the axio-dilaton in IIB supergravity for D-instantons.
Description of curved spacetimes by finite-size matrices in the type IIB matrix model
hep-th 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

A regularization technique based on Berezin-Toeplitz quantization is introduced to represent curved spacetimes such as tori and the two-sphere with finite matrices in the type IIB matrix model.
On the large N convergence of matrix models
hep-th 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

In the semiclassical approximation the eigenvalues of the SU(N) matrix model Hamiltonian converge one-to-one to the eigenvalues of the continuum supermembrane Hamiltonian with central charge as N approaches infinity.
Off-Shell Supersymmetry Algebra in the Lorentzian IIB Matrix Model: Algebraic Constraints and a $\kappa$-Minkowski-Like Sector
hep-th 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

Off-shell supersymmetry closure in the Lorentzian IIB matrix model algebraically decouples the internal sector and selects a κ-Minkowski-like algebra in the macroscopic four-dimensional sector when spatial isotropy is...
Endpoint formulation and Molien--Weyl structure for the $N=2$, large--$d$ BFSS/BMN models
hep-th 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

Establishes equivalence between endpoint and Molien-Weyl formulations for large-d BFSS models on the lattice and derives finite continuum D-channel via a toy holonomy potential model.
Monte Carlo studies of the emergent spacetime in the polarized IKKT model
hep-th 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

For N=2, the polarized IKKT model is dominated by diverging commuting matrices at small Omega and by the fuzzy sphere at large Omega, with a smooth saddle connection between the two regimes.
Instabilities in scale-separated Casimir vacua
hep-th 2025-07 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

Casimir-stabilized AdS vacua with parametric scale separation in supergravity exhibit perturbative and non-perturbative instabilities under deformations.
Late time behaviors of the expanding universe in the IIB matrix model
hep-th 2012-08 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

A classical solution of the Lorentzian IIB matrix model gives a scale factor whose equation-of-state parameter drifts from -1 to -1/3, offered as a dynamical explanation for the smallness of the cosmological constant.
Systematic study of the SO(10) symmetry breaking vacua in the matrix model for type IIB superstrings
hep-th 2011-08 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

A systematic third-order Gaussian-expansion scan of all SO(d) symmetric vacua (2 <= d <= 7) of the type IIB matrix model finds the free energy minimized at d = 3, not d = 4, with a d-independent space-time volume for d >= 3.
Ghost D-brane, Supersymmetry and Matrix Model
hep-th 2006-02 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

The U(N|N) matrix model for D(-1)-brane plus ghost D(-1)-brane pairs preserves all 32 supersymmetries at the symmetric vacuum, with half realized nonlinearly.
U-duality and M-Theory
hep-th 1998-09 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

Taking U-duality as an exact symmetry of toroidally compactified M-theory fixes the BPS multiplet structure and yields mass formulae for 1/2- and 1/4-BPS states, at the cost of predicting states in D<=3 that have no i...
Multi-Matrix Quantum Mechanics, Collective Fields and Emergent Space
hep-th 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 4.0 of 10

Derives the effective Hamiltonian in the collective field framework for three-matrix quantum mechanics models and analyzes the stability of the vacuum solution.
Quantum spacetime and quantum fluctuations in the IKKT model at weak coupling
hep-th 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 4.0 of 10

In the IKKT matrix model, quantum fluctuations are negligible compared to noncommutativity scales at weak coupling for Moyal-Weyl and covariant quantum spacetime backgrounds, justifying semi-classical emergent geometry.
Bosonic Massless Higher Spin Fields from Matrix Model
hep-th 2006-04 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

The paper claims to derive the free Fronsdal equations for massless higher-spin fields from a matrix model, but the final matching step is asserted, not demonstrated.

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248 arXiv papers cite this in 446 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 195 sentences without a confident label

Builds on it 2 papers

Due to these structures, the theory studied in this paper can be considered as a generalization of the standard non-perturbative formulation of type IIB string theory [ref] that resolves the non-unitarity issues.

Time and a Temporally Statistical Quantum Geometrodynamics · Gauged and Affinized S-Duality Symmetry in Type IIB String Theory · 0.86
This clarifies the presence of gravity in string-theoretical matrix models [ref] , however the mechanism is more general and applies in particular to 4 dimensions, as elaborated here.

Emergent Gravity from Noncommutative Gauge Theory · Discussion · 0.81

Uses its method or tool 5 papers

By matrix regularisation [ref] $X^μ(σ)↦X^μ$, $ψ(σ)↦ψ$, $e_γ(σ)↦-Y$ with [equation] without Wick rotation, we obtain the NBI-type IKKT matrix model [equation] Note that the final term is absent in the original IKKT model because $e_γ$ was not matrix-regularised in Ref. [ref] .

Path integral for the closed superstring and the matrix model · Path integral for the matrix model · 0.90
Carrying out the Gaussian integrals, one obtains the following formula [ref] [equation] dropping the terms with $n≥5$.

One-loop effective action and emergent gravity on quantum spaces in the IKKT matrix model · Evaluation of the 1-loop action using string modes · 0.82
For an explicit description of the new physics phase replacing the big bang, we will use the IIB matrix model of Kawai and collaborators [ref] , which has been proposed as a nonperturbative formulation of type-IIB superstring theory and, thereby, of M-theory (the assumption is that all theories of Fig. [ref] belong to the same universality class).

M-theory and the birth of the Universe · Preliminary remarks · 0.87

Compares with it 6 papers

super $p$-action in the Schild-type form, parallel to the relation between the large $N$ reduced model action of super Yang-Mills theory and Green-Schwarz superstring action [ref] .[ Green-Schwarz type supermembrane actions with general space-time signatures have been studied in [ref] .

Supersymmetric reduced models with a symmetry based on Filippov algebra · Relation to $=2$ super $p$-branes · 0.85
However, the results of the present paper should be compared more properly with previous work on string-theoretical matrix models such as the IKKT model [ref] .

Emergent Gravity and Noncommutative Branes from Yang-Mills Matrix Models · Noncommutative branes and extra dimensions · 0.99
There are many similarities between these reduced models in [ref] and the IKKT matrix model [ref] .

Quantum corrections of (fuzzy) spacetimes from a supersymmetric reduced model with Filippov 3-algebra · Introduction · 0.89

Cites it as support 6 papers

Along with the propagating spin 2 graviton modes found in [ref] , this strongly supports the claim that 3+1-dimensional gravity can emerge from the matrix model framework without compactification, in particular for the IKKT or IIB model [ref] .

Scalar modes and the linearized Schwarzschild solution on a quantized FLRW space-time in Yang-Mills matrix models · Summary and conclusions · 0.99
This singles out the IKKT model [ref] or close relatives, with $D=10$ and maximal supersymmetry above $Λ$.

Emergent Geometry and Gravity from Matrix Models: an Introduction · Introduction · 0.97
Our focus on matrix geometry is justified by the good behavior of certain Yang-Mills matrix models – more precisely, of one preferred incarnation given by the IKKT model [ref] – under quantization.

Non-commutative geometry and matrix models · Introduction · 0.98

Cites it as background 167 papers

The integral appearing in efirstint is the partition function of the IKKT matrix model [ref] and has been analyzed in [ref] .

Muti-instanton Amplitudes in Type IIB String Theory · Introduction · 0.85
Let us recall the definition of the IIB matrix model [ref] .

IIB matrix model, bosonic master field, and emergent spacetime · Partition function · 0.92
The type IIB matrix model [ref] (or the Ishibashi-Kawai-Kitazawa-Tsuchiya model) is a promising candidate of a nonperturbative formulation of superstring theory, which may play a crucial role analogous to the lattice gauge theory in understanding its nonperturbative dynamics.

Defining the type IIB matrix model without breaking Lorentz symmetry · Introduction · 0.97

Discussion

Disagree with the review, or know something it missed? Leave a comment, highlight any passage above to comment on it, or challenge this review formally.

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[1] #1 [1] < #1 \, [1] \, #1 \, > [2] < #1 \, \, #2 > [1] < \, #1 \, > e r n x t p k o u v d ] [ . equation document 0cm 7mm titlepage footnote flushright tabular l KEK-TH-503 \\ TIT/HEP-357\\ hep-th/9612115\\ December 1996 tabular flushright \\ \\ \\ * 0cm Large 2cm center A Large-N Reduced Model as Superstring \\ center Large 1cm center Nobuyuki I shiba...

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The similarity between the large-N reduced model and string theory in the Schild gauge was investigated by Bars some time ago for bosonic string case: I. Bars, Phys. Lett. 245B (1990)35; 'Strings 90', eds. R. Arnowitt et. al. (Proc. of the Superstring Workshop, Texas A & M Univ., 1990) p.202; 'Beyond the Standard Model', ed. K. Milton (Proc. of conference...

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A. Dabholkar, J.A. Harvey, G. Gibbons and F. Ruiz Ruiz,

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