Disappearance of back-to-back high $p_T$ hadron correlations in central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV

C. Adler; et al. (STAR Collaboration)

REVIEW

Disappearance of back-to-back high $p_T$ hadron correlations in central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV

C. Adler, et al. (STAR Collaboration)

Nuclear Experiment · Submitted 25 Oct 2002 · 27 references

Pith's verdict: Landmark dihadron measurement; the qualitative suppression is solid, but the quantitative I_AA = 0.1 is softer than the title suggests because the flow-subtraction window is asserted rather than tested.

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arXiv IDnucl-ex/0210033 (version 1)

Pith IDVQV6GU53, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review

CitationC. Adler, et al. (STAR Collaboration). "Disappearance of back-to-back high $p_T$ hadron correlations in central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV." arXiv:nucl-ex/0210033 (2002). https://pith.science/paper/VQV6GU53

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Editor's note

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This is the paper that turned parton energy loss into an observed dihadron effect. The measurement is clean: ~10M p+p and ~1.7M Au+Au events, full azimuth, wide Δη, and — the part that matters — the same-side correlation held fixed as an internal control while the away-side collapses with centrality. The charge-ordering ratio (2.5±0.6 central vs 2.7±0.9 p+p, matching Hijing's 2.6±0.7) and the PYTHIA kT scan (σ from 1 to 4 GeV/c moves I_AA by <20%) are the right checks, and they close off the obvious alternatives. The centrality scan in Fig. 3 is the result, and it is a real one. The authors also disclose the +5/-20% v2 systematic, acknowledge the unexplained peripheral suppression, and defer the p(d)+Au control — those are honest, not hidden. Where it's soft: the quantitative claim rides on Eq. 2, and B is fitted in 0.75 < |Δφ| < 2.24 rad, asserted to be 'largely free of jet contributions in the p+p data' — the qualifier is doing real work. The stress-test flags this and is directionally right but overstates the size. The 20-44% figure is the Gaussian tail at the window edge, not the integrated contamination; integrating a σ = 0.5-0.7 rad away-side peak over the window gives roughly 4-10% of the peak area, and the p+p tail is already in D_pp. The residual worry is narrower: if the Au+Au away-side is broadened rather than absorbed, extra tail leaks into the window, inflates B, and pushes I_AA below its true value. The paper does not test window stability in Au+Au, and the zero-flow check (I_AA = 0.4±0.1) bounds v2, not this. So the qualitative suppression survives comfortably; the 0.1±0.1 and the word 'disappearance' are less protected than the abstract implies. Who it's for: anyone working on hard probes, jet quenching, or RHIC physics; it is a required citation for the dihadron program. Recommendation: send it to referees. The result is important and the analysis is careful; the window question is a revision-level request, not a rejection.

Referee report

Significance

If the result holds, this is the most direct evidence available at the time that hard-scattered partons are degraded by the dense medium: the near-side peak provides an in-situ control that the hard-scattering mechanism itself is intact, and the away-side deficit is a residual after an independently measured flow background is removed, not a construction. The paper earns credit for several things a referee should name. The reference distribution is not free: D_pp is an independent data set, v2 comes from a separate reaction-plane measurement, and B is fitted between the peaks rather than on the away-side signal. The authors perform an explicit falsification test of the initial-state alternative by scanning the Pythia kT width and showing that even an extreme sigma = 4 GeV/c reduces I_AA(2.24, pi) by less than 20%, and they state plainly that a p(d)+Au measurement is required to settle the initial-state question. The zero-flow cross-check (I_AA = 0.4 +/- 0.1 with v2 set to zero, versus 0.1 +/- 0.1 with the measured v2) is exactly the kind of bound a skeptical reader wants, and it shows the qualitative conclusion does not depend on the flow subtraction. The measurement is also a fals

Major objections (2)

[Reference model, Eq. (2), and the determination of B] The quantitative result I_AA(2.24, pi) = 0.1 +/- 0.1 rests on B being determined in a region that is genuinely free of jet correlations, and the manuscript's justification for that region is stated only for p+p: 'The parameter B is then determined by fitting the observed D_AuAu in the region 0.75 < |deltaphi| < 2.24 radians, which is largely free of jet contributions in the p+p data.' The fit is applied to Au+Au, where the away-side correlation may be broadened rather than simply absorbed; a broadened away-side peak leaks its tail into the fit window, inflates B, and the subsequent subtraction removes real signal, biasing I_AA low. The window edge lies 0.90 rad from the away-side peak at deltaphi = pi, and the manuscript quotes Gaussian widths only for the near-side peaks (0.15-0.20 rad), so the reader cannot estimate the away-side tail. Two concrete additions would close this: report the fitted away-side Gaussian width in p+p and in central Au+Au, and state what fraction of the away-side integral falls inside 0.75 < |deltaphi| < 2.24 rad. A stability test showing I_AA in the 0-5% and 5-10% bins for at least two alternative fit windows (for example 1.0 < |deltaphi| < 2.0 and 0.9 < |deltaphi| < 2.4) would demonstrate that the quoted value is not an artifact of the window choice. The zero-flow check quoted in the text bounds the v2 uncertainty but does not address this window-contamination bias, so it is not a substitute.
[Table I and Fig. 3, error budget for I_AA] Table I states that the errors on v2 and B are statistical only, and the caption of Fig. 3 states that the horizontal bars indicate the dominant systematic error, attributed to the +5/-20% uncertainty on v2. The B parameter is a free normalization fitted per centrality bin to the same distribution from which it is then subtracted, and no systematic is assigned to its determination (window choice, functional form of the flow term, or residual non-flow in the fit region). Because B enters Eq. (3) directly and coherently across the away-side region, an uncertainty of even a few percent in B propagates into I_AA at the level of the quoted statistical error. The manuscript should either propagate a B-determination systematic into the Fig. 3 points and the quoted I_AA(2.24, pi) values, or state explicitly why it is negligible relative to the v2 term. This matters because the headline number 0.1 +/- 0.1 is what the word 'disappearance' in the title is asked to carry; if the total systematic on I_AA is comparable to its central value, the honest characterization is 'strong suppression consistent with zero' rather than a quantitative vanishing.

Minor objections (7)

[Title and abstract] The title's 'disappearance' and the abstract's 'reduced considerably' (abstract:s3) are stronger than the quoted number supports: I_AA = 0.1 +/- 0.1 in the 0-5% bin is consistent with zero but also with 0.2, and the 5-10% bin is not zero. Consider softening the title or quoting the central value and its uncertainty in the abstract so the reader can judge the strength of the statement without going to Fig. 3.
[Fig. 3 and the near-side control] The text describes the near-side correlation as approximately preserved, but the |deltaphi| < 0.75 points in Fig. 3 rise from roughly 0.5 at low N_part to above unity at high N_part, particularly for the lower trigger-pT interval. The manuscript should comment on the near-side ratio exceeding unity at large N_part, and on whether this reflects a Cronin-type enhancement, a trigger-bias effect, or the dilution argument invoked for the peripheral bin. As written, the near-side is a control that varies by a factor of about two to three across the sample, which weakens its use as a fixed reference.
[Fig. 1 caption and quoted widths] The caption states 'The curves are one- or two-Gaussian fits' without specifying which panel uses which form, and the text quotes Gaussian widths only for the small-angle peaks. State explicitly which panels are fitted with two Gaussians and give the away-side widths as well, since the away-side shape is central to the B-window discussion above.
[Eq. (1) and the efficiency factor] In Eq. (1) the efficiency epsilon is pulled outside the integral over deltaphi and deltaeta. State whether epsilon is measured as a function of the associated track's pT and position and, if so, why it can be treated as constant over the integration range; otherwise the normalization of D(deltaphi) carries an unstated approximation.
[Charge-ratio argument, paragraph beginning 'The ratios of the opposite-sign to same-sign peak areas'] The agreement of the measured opposite-sign/same-sign ratio with the Hijing value of 2.6 +/- 0.7 is a consistency check, not a measurement of the fraction of high-pT hadrons from hard scattering. The sentence 'the same jet production mechanism is responsible for a majority of the charged hadrons with pT > 4 GeV/c' overstates what that comparison establishes; consider rewording to 'is consistent with' and stating what independent handle would establish the majority claim.
[References [14] and [15]] Reference [14] (the N_part and centrality determination) is a preprint, and reference [15] (the STAR detector description) is listed as submitted. Both are load-bearing for the centrality binning and the tracking-efficiency and momentum-resolution claims. Please update these to their published versions if available, or note their status, so the reader can verify the detector and N_part inputs on which the centrality dependence in Fig. 3 depends.
[Table I, v2 column] The v2 values are quoted for 2 < pT < 6 GeV/c while the text states that v2 is taken constant for pT > 2 GeV/c. Clarify the pT range over which v2 is actually measured and the size of the systematic assigned to extending it as a constant to the trigger pT interval, since this is the stated dominant systematic in Fig. 3.

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The paper

The paper claims

The STAR collaboration finds that in central gold-gold collisions at 200 GeV, high-momentum particles keep their same-side jet-like partners but lose their back-to-back partners, pointing to strong interaction of hard-scattered partons with

The reading

Physicists expect that when two nucleons collide hard, the outgoing partons fragment into two jets flying nearly back-to-back. In a dense nuclear medium, one of those partons can lose energy or be absorbed before it fragments, so the away-side jet should weaken while the trigger-side jet survives. The STAR experiment tests this by measuring azimuthal correlations of high-$p_T$ charged hadrons in $p+p$ and Au+Au collisions at $sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV, subtracting the known collective-flow background. The result is a same-side correlation that survives at every centrality and has a shape similar to $p+p$, while the away-side correlation falls with centrality and is consistent with zero in the most central events; if correct, this is direct evidence that the medium is opaque to high-momentum partons.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing construction is the reference model $D_{rm model}=D_{pp}+B(1+2v_2^2cos(2Deltaphi))$ and the double ratio $I_{AA}$. $D_{pp}$ is the measured $p+p$ azimuthal correlation per trigger particle; the second term is the elliptic-flow background, with $v_2$ measured independently in the same events and $B$ fitted in $0.75<|Deltaphi|<2.24$ rad, a region assumed free of jet correlations. $I_{AA}$ integrates the flow-subtracted Au+Au distribution over a $Deltaphi$ window and divides by the corresponding $p+p$ integral, so it equals one if Au+Au hard scattering is just a superposition of $p+p$ collisions and less than one if the medium removes correlated partners.

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper's central claim is that the back-to-back high-$p_T$ hadron correlations seen in $p+p$ and peripheral Au+Au collisions disappear in central Au+Au collisions. The authors measure a per-trigger azimuthal distribution, subtract an elliptic-flow background with independently measured $v_2$, and form the ratio $I_{AA}$ of the remaining Au+Au correlation to the measured $p+p$ correlation. For $4<p_T^{rm trig}<6$ GeV/c, the away-side ratio $I_{AA}(|Deltaphi|>2.24)$ decreases with $N_{rm part}$ and is $0.1pm0.1$ in the 0-5% most central bin, while the small-angle ratio rises with centrality rather than disappearing. Same-sign and opposite-sign correlation strengths, and the similarity of the small-angle widths in $p+p$ and central Au+Au, indicate that the surviving near-side pairs come from hard scattering and fragmentation rather than resonance decays.

Load-bearing premise

The central claim rests on the reference model being exact: the Au+Au hard-scattering component must have the measured $p+p$ shape, and the only background must be an elliptic flow whose $v_2$ is known and constant for $p_T>2$ GeV/c, with its normalization fixed in a window assumed to contain no jet correlations.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

If the away-side partner is absorbed or degraded, the lost energy should reappear as additional low-$p_T$ particles spread over a wide azimuthal range opposite the trigger.
The same-side correlation should remain a useful jet tag in central collisions, enabling studies of fragmentation in a medium even when full jet reconstruction is impractical.
The effect should weaken in peripheral collisions and in smaller systems, following the path length and density of the medium rather than the number of binary collisions alone.
A $p(d)$+Au control at the same energy should show little or no away-side suppression if the effect is final-state medium interaction rather than an initial-state nuclear effect.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The survival of the near-side peak while the away-side peak vanishes suggests that the trigger particle preferentially tags partons produced near the surface and heading outward, an interpretation the paper hints at but does not test directly.
If the lost away-side energy thermalizes, it should contribute to the collective flow measured at lower $p_T$; comparing the missing away-side momentum with the flow strength could turn the correlation measurement into a crude energy-balance check.
The method's dependence on a fitted background normalization means a data-driven template from $p$+Au or a three-particle correlation analysis would be a sharper test than further model tuning.

Original abstract

Azimuthal correlations for large transverse momentum charged hadrons have been measured over a wide pseudo-rapidity range and full azimuth in Au+Au and p+p collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The small-angle correlations observed in p+p collisions and at all centralities of Au+Au collisions are characteristic of hard-scattering processes already observed in elementary collisions. A strong back-to-back correlation exists for p+p and peripheral Au + Au. In contrast, the back-to-back correlations are reduced considerably in the most central Au+Au collisions, indicating substantial interaction as the hard-scattered partons or their fragmentation products traverse the medium.

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged, kept beside the review and separate from it. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

Compiled by classifier-1.13.0 via TypeSafe API, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 3,682 input tokens.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.03 · states limitation 0.10 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.89 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.11 · compares with prior results 0.90 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v1. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

Azimuthal correlations for large transverse momentum charged hadrons have been measured over a wide pseudo-rapidity range and full azimuth in Au+Au and p+p collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The small-angle correlations observed in p+p collisions and at all centralities of Au+Au collisions are characteristic of hard-scattering processes already observed in elementary collisions. A strong back-to-back correlation exists for p+p and peripheral Au + Au. In contrast, the back-to-back correlations are reduced considerably in the most central Au+Au collisions, indicating substantial interaction as the hard-scattered partons or their fragmentation products traverse the medium.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	Azimuthal correlations for large transverse momentum charged hadrons have been measured over a wide pseudo-rapidity range and full azimuth in Au+Au and p+p collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV.	contribution 0.51	0.94	0.03	asserted 1.00
s1	The small-angle correlations observed in p+p collisions and at all centralities of Au+Au collisions are characteristic of hard-scattering processes already observed in elementary collisions.	result 0.69	0.73	0.06	asserted 1.00
s2	A strong back-to-back correlation exists for p+p and peripheral Au + Au.	result 1.00	0.87	0.07	asserted 1.00
s3	In contrast, the back-to-back correlations are reduced considerably in the most central Au+Au collisions, indicating substantial interaction as the hard-scattered partons or their fragmentation products traverse the medium.	interpretation 0.51	0.92	0.89	hedged possibility 0.85

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: empirical study 1.00 · evidence from observation or experiment 0.99.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v1

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

levels run

P abstract

not run

S sections
T body sentences
C citations
R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

Figures

**Figure 1.** FIG. 1: Azimuthal distributions of same-sign and opposite

**Figure 2.** FIG. 2: Azimuthal distributions (0

**Figure 3.** FIG. 3: Ratio of Au+Au and p+p (Equation 3) for small

Figures reproduced from arXiv:nucl-ex/0210033 by the authors.

References

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Resolution Effects in the Hybrid Strong/Weak Coupling Model
hep-ph 2017-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Giving the quark-gluon plasma a finite spatial resolution length in the hybrid strong/weak coupling jet-quenching model produces only small changes to jet shapes, fragmentation functions, and missing-pT observables.
Probing Transverse Momentum Broadening via Dihadron and Hadron-jet Angular Correlations in Relativistic Heavy-ion Collisions
hep-ph 2016-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Fitting Sudakov-resummation calculations to STAR dihadron and hadron-jet angular correlations yields a quark-jet transverse momentum broadening of about 13 GeV squared in central Au-Au collisions at 200 GeV.
Measurements of long-range near-side angular correlations in $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}=5$TeV proton-lead collisions in the forward region
nucl-ex 2015-12 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

A long-range near-side angular correlation (the ridge) is observed in proton-lead collisions at 5 TeV over 2.0 < eta < 4.9, growing with event activity and matching between beam directions at equal absolute activity.
Jet Quenching from QCD Evolution
hep-ph 2015-09 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Medium-modified DGLAP evolution of fragmentation functions reproduces LHC hadron suppression data and contains traditional parton energy loss as its soft-gluon emission limit.
Measurement of jet suppression in central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV
nucl-ex 2015-02 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

Jets of radius 0.2 with 40 to 120 GeV transverse momentum are suppressed by about a factor of 3.6 in the 10% most central lead-lead collisions at 2.76 TeV, with R_AA = 0.28 +/- 0.04 and no significant momentum dependence.
Measurement of jet fragmentation in Pb+Pb and $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV with the ATLAS detector
nucl-ex 2018-05 accept novelty 4.0 of 10

Jets in lead-lead collisions at 5.02 TeV carry an excess of both very soft and very hard fragments and a deficit at intermediate momentum fraction, relative to proton-proton jets at the same energy, with the size of t...
Bulk matter evolution and extraction of jet transport parameter in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC
nucl-th 2010-02 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

Extracting the jet quenching parameter from RHIC data gives values from 0.54 to 0.96 GeV squared depending on the bulk evolution model, with 22 to 44 percent of the quenching coming from the hadronic phase.
Direct real photons in relativistic heavy ion collisions
nucl-ex 2019-07 accept novelty 3.0 of 10

A comprehensive review of direct real photon measurements in relativistic heavy ion collisions, organized around the unresolved direct photon puzzle of large yields and large elliptic flow.
Mapping the Phases of Quantum Chromodynamics with Beam Energy Scan
nucl-th 2019-06 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

A comprehensive review of the theory and BES-I data for the QCD critical point and chiral anomalous transport concludes that neither has been discovered yet, and lays out what measurements and theory are needed next.
QGP@50: More than Four Decades of Jet Quenching
hep-ph 2025-08 conditional novelty 2.0 of 10

A historical and technical review of jet quenching in heavy-ion collisions, covering four decades of theory, the RHIC discovery, and modern Bayesian extractions of the jet transport parameter qhat.
The Present and Future of QCD
hep-ph 2023-03 unverdicted novelty 2.0 of 10

The US QCD community's consensus priorities for 2023-2033, ranked by town-meeting votes: complete the Electron-Ion Collider first, sustain CEBAF, RHIC and LHC programs, and grow theory, computing and workforce investment.
Jet quenching and medium response in high-energy heavy-ion collisions: a review
hep-ph 2020-02 accept novelty 2.0 of 10

Jet-induced medium response, the recoil partons and hydrodynamic wake left behind a quenching jet, is required to describe soft hadrons, jet shapes, jet masses and cone-size dependence of jet suppression in heavy-ion ...
Jet Quenching in Heavy Ion Collisions
hep-ph 2009-08 accept novelty 2.0 of 10

Medium-induced parton energy loss, growing parametrically as the square of the in-medium path length, is presented as the leading explanation for the strong suppression of high-momentum particles observed in heavy-ion...
Jet Quenching and Radiative Energy Loss in Dense Nuclear Matter
nucl-th 2003-02 conditional novelty 2.0 of 10

Finite-opacity QCD calculations of induced gluon radiation can reproduce the high-momentum hadron suppression seen in RHIC nuclear collisions and thereby estimate the initial gluon density of the produced medium.

How the literature uses it

92 arXiv papers cite this in 96 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 60 sentences without a confident label

Uses its method or tool 1 paper

Since random particle combinations produce a flat pedestal in the yield, the correlation structures of interest are extracted by using the zero-yield-at-minimum (ZYAM) method [ref] .

Measurements of long-range near-side angular correlations in $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}=5$TeV proton-lead collisions in the forward region · Results · 1.00

Cites it as background 34 papers

Almost 20 years past the discovery of jet quenching in the suppression of high transverse momentum (high-$p_T$) hadrons at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) [ref] , and a decade past the observation of modification of reconstructed jets at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN [ref] , there is a measure of consensus regarding the overarching mechanism among the practitioners of the field.

The medium modification of high-virtuality partons · Introduction · 0.97
One of the most striking phenomena that was predicted [ref] to occur in relativistic collisions of heavy nuclei and that was confirmed by numerous experiments at RHIC [ref] and the LHC [ref] is the suppression of high-$p_T$ hadron and jet production, generally referred to as jet “quenching”, for reviews see [ref] .

Multi-partonic medium induced cascades in expanding media · Introduction · 0.92
Jet modifications [ref] , compared to a baseline obtained in proton-proton collisions, have been studied extensively for over a decade at RHIC and LHC [ref] .

Sensitivity of jet quenching to the initial state in heavy-ion collisions · Introduction · 0.99

Discussion

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