UltraEP is the first exact-load real-time expert balancer for large-EP MoE training and serving on rack-scale nodes, reaching 94.3% of ideal throughput and 1.49x over no-balancing.
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Mixtral of Experts
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abstract
We introduce Mixtral 8x7B, a Sparse Mixture of Experts (SMoE) language model. Mixtral has the same architecture as Mistral 7B, with the difference that each layer is composed of 8 feedforward blocks (i.e. experts). For every token, at each layer, a router network selects two experts to process the current state and combine their outputs. Even though each token only sees two experts, the selected experts can be different at each timestep. As a result, each token has access to 47B parameters, but only uses 13B active parameters during inference. Mixtral was trained with a context size of 32k tokens and it outperforms or matches Llama 2 70B and GPT-3.5 across all evaluated benchmarks. In particular, Mixtral vastly outperforms Llama 2 70B on mathematics, code generation, and multilingual benchmarks. We also provide a model fine-tuned to follow instructions, Mixtral 8x7B - Instruct, that surpasses GPT-3.5 Turbo, Claude-2.1, Gemini Pro, and Llama 2 70B - chat model on human benchmarks. Both the base and instruct models are released under the Apache 2.0 license.
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- abstract We introduce Mixtral 8x7B, a Sparse Mixture of Experts (SMoE) language model. Mixtral has the same architecture as Mistral 7B, with the difference that each layer is composed of 8 feedforward blocks (i.e. experts). For every token, at each layer, a router network selects two experts to process the current state and combine their outputs. Even though each token only sees two experts, the selected experts can be different at each timestep. As a result, each token has access to 47B parameters, but only uses 13B active parameters during inference. Mixtral was trained with a context size of 32k tok
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representative citing papers
HodgeCover isolates the harmonic kernel of a simplicial Laplacian on an expert 2-complex to identify irreducible merge cycles and selects experts for aggressive compression, matching or exceeding baselines on open-weight MoE models.
Sieve dynamically schedules MoE experts across GPU and PIM hardware to handle bimodal token distributions, achieving 1.3x to 1.6x gains in throughput and interactivity over static prior PIM systems on three large models.
ReLibra uses pre-known token-to-expert routing from RL rollouts to perform inter-batch expert reordering and intra-batch replication, delivering up to 1.6x higher throughput than Megatron-LM and 1.2x over oracle-equipped EPLB while staying within 6-10% of an ideal balanced baseline.
RoundPipe achieves near-zero-bubble pipeline parallelism for LLM training on consumer GPUs by dynamically dispatching computation stages round-robin, yielding 1.48-2.16x speedups and enabling 235B model fine-tuning on 8x RTX 4090.
Content-based routing succeeds only when models provide bidirectional context and perform pairwise comparisons, with bidirectional Mamba plus rank-1 projection reaching 99.7% precision at linear inference cost.
The AI Scientist framework enables LLMs to independently conduct the full scientific process from idea generation to paper writing and review, demonstrated across three ML subfields with papers costing under $15 each.
AgentClinic is a multimodal agent benchmark demonstrating that LLM diagnostic accuracy on MedQA drops to below one-tenth in sequential clinical simulations, with Claude-3.5 leading and large tool-use differences across models.
OSWorld provides the first unified real-computer benchmark for open-ended multimodal agent tasks, exposing large performance gaps between humans and state-of-the-art LLM/VLM agents.
RULER shows most long-context LMs drop sharply in performance on complex tasks as length and difficulty increase, with only half maintaining results at 32K tokens.
CrossPool separates weights and KV-cache into distinct GPU pools plus a planner, virtualizer, and layer-wise scheduler to cut P99 time-between-tokens by up to 10.4x versus prior kvcached multi-LLM systems.
MOSAIC is a simulation and DSE framework for heterogeneous NPUs that finds designs achieving 46.91% mean iso-area energy savings over homogeneous baselines on 20 workloads.
Introduces KINA benchmark with 899 items over 261 disciplines, formal (1-1/e) coverage guarantee and bonus-on-bar tournament theorem, plus evaluations of 42 models with top score 53.17%.
LoopMoE is a looped MoE language model that outperforms matched vanilla MoE on 8 of 9 downstream benchmarks at 3B scale and continues to outperform at 9B scale under strictly controlled budgets.
ClinicalMC is a benchmark of 1,275 Chinese and 5,804 English multi-course clinical samples across four stages, evaluated via a multi-agent framework on closed-source, open-source, and medical LLMs in static and dynamic settings.
ViBE co-optimizes expert placement with measured GPU performance variability in MoE inference to cut execution-time imbalance, delivering 14% better SLO attainment and up to 45% lower P90 TTFT.
EST-PRM stress-tests five PRM models on 4,687 reasoning chains from MATH-500, GSM8K, and PRMBench using three label-preserving transformations and reports model-specific vulnerability patterns.
Introduces nexbax, a diagnostic framework with three themes and 10 dimensions for evaluating AI economic viability, operational practicality, and societal integrity in next-billion-user contexts.
Proposes the Intelligent Computing Architecture (ICA) as a six-layer framework with dual probabilistic-deterministic planes and three Amdahl-style heuristics to unify design of LLM-based systems.
Moral Trolley Arena shows frontier LLMs produce composite moral preferences that are compressed rather than additive functions of calibrated component act strengths across Moral Foundations Theory.
Introduces Latent Performance Profiling (LPP) as a task-agnostic framework deriving scalar metrics from LLM latent representations and dynamics to complement benchmark evaluations.
SELECT-LLM is the first active model selection framework for LLMs that uses expected information gain from pairwise output similarities to minimize required annotations, reporting up to 84.78% cost reduction across 23 datasets and 156 models.
ClaimRAG-LAW is a French-English legal RAG benchmark with claim-level granularity for experts and non-experts that reveals limitations in current retrieval and generation performance.
Proposes Spatial Narrative Score (SNS) evaluation for VLMs' camera motion understanding and introduces CaMo model achieving consistent performance on SNS and direct QA.
citing papers explorer
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UltraEP: Unleash MoE Training and Inference on Rack-Scale Nodes with Near-Optimal Load Balancing
UltraEP is the first exact-load real-time expert balancer for large-EP MoE training and serving on rack-scale nodes, reaching 94.3% of ideal throughput and 1.49x over no-balancing.
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HodgeCover: Higher-Order Topological Coverage Drives Compression of Sparse Mixture-of-Experts
HodgeCover isolates the harmonic kernel of a simplicial Laplacian on an expert 2-complex to identify irreducible merge cycles and selects experts for aggressive compression, matching or exceeding baselines on open-weight MoE models.
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The AI Scientist: Towards Fully Automated Open-Ended Scientific Discovery
The AI Scientist framework enables LLMs to independently conduct the full scientific process from idea generation to paper writing and review, demonstrated across three ML subfields with papers costing under $15 each.
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CrossPool: Efficient Multi-LLM Serving for Cold MoE Models through KV-Cache and Weight Disaggregation
CrossPool separates weights and KV-cache into distinct GPU pools plus a planner, virtualizer, and layer-wise scheduler to cut P99 time-between-tokens by up to 10.4x versus prior kvcached multi-LLM systems.
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MOSAIC: A Workload-Driven Simulation and Design-Space Exploration Framework for Heterogeneous NPUs
MOSAIC is a simulation and DSE framework for heterogeneous NPUs that finds designs achieving 46.91% mean iso-area energy savings over homogeneous baselines on 20 workloads.
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Knowledge Index of Noah's Ark
Introduces KINA benchmark with 899 items over 261 disciplines, formal (1-1/e) coverage guarantee and bonus-on-bar tournament theorem, plus evaluations of 42 models with top score 53.17%.
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LoopMoE: Unifying Iterative Computation with Mixture-of-Experts for Language Modeling
LoopMoE is a looped MoE language model that outperforms matched vanilla MoE on 8 of 9 downstream benchmarks at 3B scale and continues to outperform at 9B scale under strictly controlled budgets.
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ClinicalMC: A Benchmark for Multi-Course Clinical Decision-Making with Large Language Models
ClinicalMC is a benchmark of 1,275 Chinese and 5,804 English multi-course clinical samples across four stages, evaluated via a multi-agent framework on closed-source, open-source, and medical LLMs in static and dynamic settings.
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ViBE: Co-Optimizing Workload Skew and Hardware Variability for MoE Serving
ViBE co-optimizes expert placement with measured GPU performance variability in MoE inference to cut execution-time imbalance, delivering 14% better SLO attainment and up to 45% lower P90 TTFT.
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EST-PRM: Stress-Testing Process Reward Models Before They Become Load-Bearing
EST-PRM stress-tests five PRM models on 4,687 reasoning chains from MATH-500, GSM8K, and PRMBench using three label-preserving transformations and reports model-specific vulnerability patterns.
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Next-Billion AI Index: The compass for AI utility and adoption in the global majority
Introduces nexbax, a diagnostic framework with three themes and 10 dimensions for evaluating AI economic viability, operational practicality, and societal integrity in next-billion-user contexts.
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Model-Native Computing Architecture: Envisioning Future System Architecture Through the Lens of Computer Architecture
Proposes the Intelligent Computing Architecture (ICA) as a six-layer framework with dual probabilistic-deterministic planes and three Amdahl-style heuristics to unify design of LLM-based systems.
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Every Act Has Its Price: Compressed Moral Composition in Frontier LLMs
Moral Trolley Arena shows frontier LLMs produce composite moral preferences that are compressed rather than additive functions of calibrated component act strengths across Moral Foundations Theory.
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Latent Performance Profiling of Large Language Models
Introduces Latent Performance Profiling (LPP) as a task-agnostic framework deriving scalar metrics from LLM latent representations and dynamics to complement benchmark evaluations.
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Large Language Model Selection with Limited Annotations
SELECT-LLM is the first active model selection framework for LLMs that uses expected information gain from pairwise output similarities to minimize required annotations, reporting up to 84.78% cost reduction across 23 datasets and 156 models.
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Fine-grained Claim-level RAG Benchmark for Law
ClaimRAG-LAW is a French-English legal RAG benchmark with claim-level granularity for experts and non-experts that reveals limitations in current retrieval and generation performance.
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CaMo: Camera Motion Grounded Evaluation and Training for Vision-Language Models
Proposes Spatial Narrative Score (SNS) evaluation for VLMs' camera motion understanding and introduces CaMo model achieving consistent performance on SNS and direct QA.
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Routers Learn the Geometry of Their Experts: Geometric Coupling in Sparse Mixture-of-Experts
Routers in SMoE models form geometric alignments with their experts through shared gradient directions, enabling effective specialization that auxiliary load-balancing losses tend to disrupt.
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HEBATRON: A Hebrew-Specialized Open-Weight Mixture-of-Experts Language Model
Hebatron is the first open-weight Hebrew MoE LLM adapted from Nemotron-3, reaching 73.8% on Hebrew reasoning benchmarks while activating only 3B parameters per pass and supporting 65k-token context.
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Unsolvability Ceiling in Multi-LLM Routing: An Empirical Study of Evaluation Artifacts
Evaluation artifacts substantially inflate the measured unsolvability ceiling in multi-LLM routing, leading to distorted router training and overstated headroom.
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When Are Experts Misrouted? Counterfactual Routing Analysis in Mixture-of-Experts Language Models
Standard top-k routers in MoE language models often select suboptimal routes for difficult tokens, and updating only the final router layer raises pass@K on AIME and HMMT benchmarks across multiple models.
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Every Feedforward Neural Network Definable in an o-Minimal Structure Has Finite Sample Complexity
Every fixed finite feedforward neural network definable in an o-minimal structure has finite sample complexity in the agnostic PAC setting.
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Geometry-Aware State Space Model: A New Paradigm for Whole-Slide Image Representation
BatMIL uses hybrid hyperbolic-Euclidean geometry, an S4 state-space backbone, and chunk-level mixture-of-experts to outperform prior multiple-instance learning methods on seven whole-slide image datasets across six cancers.
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Coral: Cost-Efficient Multi-LLM Serving over Heterogeneous Cloud GPUs
Coral cuts multi-LLM serving costs by up to 2.79x and raises goodput by up to 2.39x on heterogeneous GPUs through adaptive joint optimization and a lossless two-stage decomposition that solves quickly.
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MoE-Prefill: Zero Redundancy Overheads in MoE Prefill Serving
MoE-Prefill achieves 1.35-1.59x higher throughput for prefill-only MoE serving by using asynchronous expert parallelism to overlap weight AllGather with computation and prefix-aware routing with true-FLOPs tracking.
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DARE: Diffusion Language Model Activation Reuse for Efficient Inference
DARE reuses up to 87% of attention activations in diffusion LLMs through KV caching and output reuse, delivering 1.2x per-layer latency gains with average performance drops of 1.2-2.0%.
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MASCing: Configurable Mixture-of-Experts Behavior via Activation Steering Masks
MASCing uses an LSTM surrogate and optimized steering masks to enable flexible, inference-time control over MoE expert routing for safety objectives, improving jailbreak defense and content generation success rates substantially across multiple models.
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Machine Collective Intelligence for Explainable Scientific Discovery
Machine collective intelligence uses coordinated AI agents to evolve symbolic hypotheses and recover governing equations from observations in deterministic, stochastic, and uncharacterized systems, achieving up to six orders of magnitude better extrapolation than neural networks with 5-40 parameters
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Authority Inversion in LLM-Mediated Ubiquitous Systems: When Models Trust Users Over Sensors
LLMs exhibit authority inversion by prioritizing natural-language user claims over numerical sensor data in conflicts, diagnosed with new geometric metrics and mitigated via layer-level calibration.
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Agent-Centric Observation Adaptation for Robust Visual Control under Dynamic Perturbations
ACO-MoE recovers 95.3% of clean-input performance in visual control tasks under Markov-switching corruptions by routing restoration experts and anchoring representations to clean foreground masks.
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Incompressible Knowledge Probes: Estimating Black-Box LLM Parameter Counts via Factual Capacity
Incompressible Knowledge Probes enable log-linear estimation of LLM parameter counts from factual accuracy on obscure questions, showing continued scaling of knowledge capacity across open and closed models.
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On Bayesian Softmax-Gated Mixture-of-Experts Models
Bayesian softmax-gated mixture-of-experts models achieve posterior contraction for density estimation and parameter recovery using Voronoi losses, plus two strategies for choosing the number of experts.
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Expert Upcycling: Shifting the Compute-Efficient Frontier of Mixture-of-Experts
Expert upcycling duplicates experts in an existing MoE checkpoint and continues pre-training to match fixed-size baseline performance with 32% less compute.
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Multi-Domain Learning with Global Expert Mapping
GEM replaces learned routers in MoE models with a global scheduler based on linear programming relaxation and hierarchical rounding, achieving SOTA on the UODB multi-domain benchmark with gains on rare domains.
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SecureRouter: Encrypted Routing for Efficient Secure Inference
SecureRouter accelerates secure transformer inference by 1.95x via an encrypted router that selects input-adaptive models from an MPC-optimized pool with negligible accuracy loss.
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Atropos: Improving Cost-Benefit Trade-off of LLM-based Agents under Self-Consistency with Early Termination and Model Hotswap
Atropos uses GCN on inference graphs for early failure prediction and hotswaps to larger LLMs, achieving 74% of large-model performance at 24% cost.
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A Sanity Check on Composed Image Retrieval
The paper creates FISD, a controlled benchmark for composed image retrieval that removes query ambiguity via generative models, and proposes a multi-round agentic evaluation to assess models in interactive settings.
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An Agentic Evaluation Architecture for Historical Bias Detection in Educational Textbooks
An agentic architecture with multimodal screening, a five-agent jury, meta-synthesis, and source attribution protocol detects biases in Romanian history textbooks more accurately than zero-shot baselines, achieving 83.3% acceptable excerpts and human preference in 64.8% of blind comparisons.
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InfiniLoRA: Disaggregated Multi-LoRA Serving for Large Language Models
InfiniLoRA decouples LoRA execution from base-model inference and reports 3.05x higher request throughput plus 54% more adapters meeting strict latency SLOs.
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A Switch-Centric In-Network Architecture for Accelerating LLM Inference in Shared-Memory Network
SCIN uses an in-switch accelerator for direct memory access and 8-bit in-network quantization during All-Reduce, delivering up to 8.7x faster small-message reduction and 1.74x TTFT speedup on LLaMA-2 models.
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Path-Constrained Mixture-of-Experts
PathMoE constrains expert paths in MoE models by sharing router parameters across layer blocks, yielding more concentrated paths, better performance on perplexity and tasks, and no need for auxiliary losses.
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Mixture of Predefined Experts: Maximizing Data Usage on Vertical Federated Learning
Split-MoPE integrates split learning with predefined-expert routing to maximize usable data in vertical federated learning under sample misalignment, delivering state-of-the-art accuracy in one communication round plus built-in robustness and per-sample contribution scores.
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TEAM: Temporal-Spatial Consistency Guided Expert Activation for MoE Diffusion Language Model Acceleration
TEAM accelerates MoE dLLMs up to 2.2x by exploiting temporal-spatial consistency in expert routing to accept more tokens with fewer activations.
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ModeX: Evaluator-Free Best-of-N Selection for Open-Ended Generation
ModeX selects the modal semantic output from multiple LLM generations via a similarity graph and recursive spectral clustering without needing reward models or evaluators.
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MIDUS: Memory-Infused Depth Up-Scaling
MIDUS replaces duplicated FFN branches in depth up-scaling with head-wise memory layers using product-key retrieval and HIVE to deliver lightweight, head-conditioned residual capacity.
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EngiBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models on Engineering Problem Solving
EngiBench shows LLMs accuracy drops with task complexity, degrades under perturbations, and stays below human performance on open-ended engineering problems.
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DuoServe-MoE: Dual-Phase Expert Prefetch and Caching for LLM Inference QoS Assurance
DuoServe-MoE decouples prefill and decode phases in MoE LLM inference with a two-stream CUDA pipeline for prefill and an offline-trained predictor for decode, reporting up to 5.34x TTFT and 7.55x end-to-end latency gains.
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In-Context Edit: Enabling Instructional Image Editing with In-Context Generation in Large Scale Diffusion Transformer
ICEdit achieves state-of-the-art instructional image editing in Diffusion Transformers via in-context generation, requiring only 0.1% of prior training data and 1% trainable parameters.
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PRIMETIME : Limits of LLMs in Temporal Primitives
PRIMETIME generator reveals that LLM datetime parsing and arithmetic primitives are individually unreliable but fully learnable via fine-tuning, enabling frontier-level accuracy on event planning with small LoRA models.
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LFX: Towards Unified Light Field Dense Semantic Segmentation and Salient Object Detection
LFX is the first unified framework for light field perception that adapts to heterogeneous representations via a representation-invariant feature modulation space and FoP-ASM, achieving SOTA results on three benchmarks including 84.37 mIoU for segmentation and 0.029/0.027 MAE for detection.