Randomly replacing labels in in-context demonstrations barely hurts performance, showing that label space, input distribution, and sequence format drive in-context learning more than ground-truth labels.
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An Overview of Multi-Task Learning in Deep Neural Networks
Mixed citation behavior. Most common role is background (29%).
abstract
Multi-task learning (MTL) has led to successes in many applications of machine learning, from natural language processing and speech recognition to computer vision and drug discovery. This article aims to give a general overview of MTL, particularly in deep neural networks. It introduces the two most common methods for MTL in Deep Learning, gives an overview of the literature, and discusses recent advances. In particular, it seeks to help ML practitioners apply MTL by shedding light on how MTL works and providing guidelines for choosing appropriate auxiliary tasks.
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representative citing papers
Instruction tuning a 137B language model on over 60 NLP tasks described by instructions substantially boosts zero-shot performance on unseen tasks, outperforming larger GPT-3 models.
TAC is a bandit curriculum for multi-domain RLVR that prioritizes domains whose gradient updates align with and benefit other domains, yielding up to 2.8-point macro accuracy gains over learnability-only baselines on Qwen3-1.7B and Llama3.2-3B.
A nested-projection gradient algorithm attains O(log T) regret with O(log T) cumulative constraint violation for strongly convex losses, and O(√T) for both with convex losses; the body's proof is coherent, though the abstract claims lower-bound results the body never contains.
A modular reduction from budget-constrained contextual bandits with adversarial contexts to unconstrained bandits via surrogate rewards, yielding improved guarantees and an efficient algorithm based on SquareCB.
Supervised fine-tuning of LLMs often fails to fully internalize all training instances due to five recurring causes including missing prerequisites and data conflicts, as diagnosed via a new framework across multiple models.
FAJSCC is a new deepJSCC architecture for images that achieves better transmission performance with lower complexity than prior models and enables independent encoder-decoder compute adjustment.
OPT releases open decoder-only transformers up to 175B parameters that match GPT-3 performance at one-seventh the carbon cost, along with code and training logs.
T5 casts all NLP tasks as text-to-text generation, systematically explores pre-training choices, and reaches strong performance on summarization, QA, classification and other tasks via large-scale training on the Colossal Clean Crawled Corpus.
Inverse-designed shallow-etched MPUs implement compact reusable complex 2x2 optical matrices that, mixed with sparse MZIs and neuron-level sharing, support multi-task photonic inference at high passive replacement ratios.
Lychee-FD resolves modality interference in full-duplex spoken language models by separating acoustic and semantic parameters in deep layers and adding a dense semantic alignment channel, achieving state-of-the-art performance on spoken QA and interaction benchmarks.
FAROS uses flow-guided propagation from zero-shot masks and optical flow to create dense temporally consistent labels from sparse keyframes, improving joint multi-task learning across temporal and spatial surgical tasks on GraSP, MISAW, and AutoLaparo.
Co-VLA replaces the monolithic action head in VLA models with a coordination-aware Structured Action Expert and Latent-Aware Controller, reporting 27% gains on tight bimanual tasks and doubled OOD performance.
Joint MTL for dual-output L2 ASR improves meaning but degrades surface transcription, with English showing encoder entanglement that scales with Levenshtein surface-meaning divergence.
PEML co-optimizes continuous prompts and low-rank adaptations to deliver up to 6.67% average accuracy gains over existing multi-task PEFT methods on GLUE, SuperGLUE, and other benchmarks.
Bayesian Model Merging introduces a bi-level optimization framework that merges task-specific models via closed-form Bayesian regression with an anchor prior and global hyperparameter search, outperforming baselines and nearly matching expert averages on up to 20-task vision and 5-task language Merg
An auxiliary modulus during training reduces wrap-around issues and preserves train-test input distributions, enabling better accuracy and sample efficiency for large N and q in modular addition learning.
DKPS-based methods predict new model benchmark scores using cached responses, matching baseline mean absolute error with substantially fewer queries and an offline query selection approach.
Frontier LLMs' self-declared language support is unstable and over-optimistic, verified behavior is task-dependent, and language mismatch alone degrades collaborative agent performance.
DEFault++ applies hierarchical learning with a Fault Propagation Graph to detect, localize, and diagnose faults in transformers, improving F1 to 0.826-0.909 and developer repair accuracy from 57.1% to 83.3% on a new benchmark of 5,556 mutation-tested runs.
FryNet combines RGB and thermal imaging with adversarial regularization to segment oil areas, classify usability, and predict oxidation levels like PV and Totox with high accuracy on video data.
Petro-SAM adapts SAM via a Merge Block for polarized views plus multi-scale fusion and color-entropy priors to jointly achieve grain-edge and lithology segmentation in petrographic images.
QMTL uses shared VQC encoding plus task-specific quantum ansatz heads to achieve linear parameter scaling with the number of tasks while matching or exceeding classical multi-task baselines on three benchmarks.
iAmTime is a time-series foundation model that uses instruction-conditioned in-context learning from demonstrations to perform zero-shot adaptation on forecasting, imputation, classification, and related tasks.
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