Stable flat solutions in scale-invariant scalar-tensor theories carry a non-vanishing cosmological constant unless the quartic coupling vanishes, and this vanishing is not radiatively protected, making a residual CC generic.
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The Cosmological Constant
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abstract
This is a review of the physics and cosmology of the cosmological constant. Focusing on recent developments, I present a pedagogical overview of cosmology in the presence of a cosmological constant, observational constraints on its magnitude, and the physics of a small (and potentially nonzero) vacuum energy.
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A generalized Chaplygin-type solid unifies dark matter and dark energy via an early pressureless phase transitioning to a late solid phase that supports acceleration and produces distinct low-redshift perturbation signatures.
Little red dots shift from underdense, low-halo-mass environments at z>4 to ordinary galaxy environments by z~3.5, explaining their declining abundance at z<3.
Sign-switching dark energy with a transition at z_† fits recent DESI DR2, Planck CMB, and Pantheon+ data better than ΛCDM while raising the inferred Hubble constant and easing the Hubble tension.
Classical Maxwell theory plus an ħ commutator on modes yields single-photon QED theorems, and a conjecture states that special relativity is required for consistent Haag-Kastler nets with microcausality and positive energy.
A lapse function in a 5D anisotropic gravity theory generates a global constraint that cancels Standard Model vacuum energy radiative corrections at all orders in the 4D effective theory.
Quiescent galaxies cluster more strongly than star-forming ones by 0.5-1 dex after halo-mass matching, with one-halo conformity up to z~2 that disappears at higher redshifts.
A coupling α is identified with de Sitter entropy via holography and RG flow; imposing monotonic infrared increase on α(k) yields the observed cosmological constant value.
Bin-wise uncorrelated reconstruction from DESI/SDSS BAO and Pantheon+/Union3.1/DES-Dovekie supernovae yields dark energy density peaking then declining and equation of state oscillating with phantom crossing near z~0.7, consistent across datasets at moderate significance.
Using Planck, DESI, supernovae, and redshift-space distortions, the authors infer that modified gravity, if present, must act only below ~30 Mpc and cannot modify the large scales previously considered.
Dynamical systems analysis of a Palatini k-essence model identifies fixed points for quasi-de-Sitter epochs, scaling solutions, and quintessence phases connected by heteroclinic orbits in flat FLRW cosmology.
Thesis summarizing an upper limit of 0.12 eV on the neutrino mass sum, bias calibration via CMB lensing cross-correlations, and tighter limits plus stronger normal-ordering preference in non-phantom dynamical dark energy models.
Cosmographic Taylor and Padé models fitted to Pantheon+SH0ES+GRB+DESI BAO data yield redshift drift predictions compatible with ΛCDM and ω0ω1CDM at 1-2σ, with mock drift data tightening q0 and j0 bounds.
QFT in FLRW spacetime yields a running vacuum energy density ρ_vac(H) that unifies mild dynamical dark energy today with H^4 inflation without an inflaton field.
This pedagogical survey clarifies how conformal time governs geodesics and curvature in different eras of a flat FRW universe and provides a general affine-parameter formalism.
A review summarizing modified theories of gravity, their effects on compact objects, existing bounds from astrophysical observations, and the promise of future gravitational wave tests for strong-field gravity.
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Mapping the redshift drift at various redshifts through cosmography
Cosmographic Taylor and Padé models fitted to Pantheon+SH0ES+GRB+DESI BAO data yield redshift drift predictions compatible with ΛCDM and ω0ω1CDM at 1-2σ, with mock drift data tightening q0 and j0 bounds.