Chain-of-thought prompting, by including intermediate reasoning steps in few-shot examples, elicits strong reasoning abilities in large language models on arithmetic, commonsense, and symbolic tasks.
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
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abstract
Making language models bigger does not inherently make them better at following a user's intent. For example, large language models can generate outputs that are untruthful, toxic, or simply not helpful to the user. In other words, these models are not aligned with their users. In this paper, we show an avenue for aligning language models with user intent on a wide range of tasks by fine-tuning with human feedback. Starting with a set of labeler-written prompts and prompts submitted through the OpenAI API, we collect a dataset of labeler demonstrations of the desired model behavior, which we use to fine-tune GPT-3 using supervised learning. We then collect a dataset of rankings of model outputs, which we use to further fine-tune this supervised model using reinforcement learning from human feedback. We call the resulting models InstructGPT. In human evaluations on our prompt distribution, outputs from the 1.3B parameter InstructGPT model are preferred to outputs from the 175B GPT-3, despite having 100x fewer parameters. Moreover, InstructGPT models show improvements in truthfulness and reductions in toxic output generation while having minimal performance regressions on public NLP datasets. Even though InstructGPT still makes simple mistakes, our results show that fine-tuning with human feedback is a promising direction for aligning language models with human intent.
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- abstract Making language models bigger does not inherently make them better at following a user's intent. For example, large language models can generate outputs that are untruthful, toxic, or simply not helpful to the user. In other words, these models are not aligned with their users. In this paper, we show an avenue for aligning language models with user intent on a wide range of tasks by fine-tuning with human feedback. Starting with a set of labeler-written prompts and prompts submitted through the OpenAI API, we collect a dataset of labeler demonstrations of the desired model behavior, which we u
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representative citing papers
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citing papers explorer
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Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models
Chain-of-thought prompting, by including intermediate reasoning steps in few-shot examples, elicits strong reasoning abilities in large language models on arithmetic, commonsense, and symbolic tasks.
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Discovering Latent Knowledge in Language Models Without Supervision
An unsupervised technique extracts latent yes-no knowledge from language model activations by locating a direction that satisfies logical consistency properties, outperforming zero-shot accuracy by 4% on average across models and datasets.
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Code as Policies: Language Model Programs for Embodied Control
Language models generate robot policy code from natural language commands via few-shot prompting, enabling spatial-geometric reasoning, generalization, and precise control on real robots.
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A Generalist Agent
Gato is a multi-modal, multi-task, multi-embodiment generalist policy using one transformer network to handle text, vision, games, and robotics tasks.
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OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Models
OPT releases open decoder-only transformers up to 175B parameters that match GPT-3 performance at one-seventh the carbon cost, along with code and training logs.
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InCoder: A Generative Model for Code Infilling and Synthesis
InCoder is the first generative model to directly perform zero-shot code infilling via bidirectional context from a masked-then-appended training scheme, matching left-to-right models on synthesis while improving on type inference, comment generation, and variable renaming.
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Solving math word problems with process- and outcome-based feedback
On GSM8K, outcome-based supervision achieves similar final-answer error rates to process-based with less labeling, but process-based or learned reward models are needed to reach 3.4% reasoning error among correct solutions.
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Ignore Previous Prompt: Attack Techniques For Language Models
PromptInject shows that simple adversarial prompts can cause goal hijacking and prompt leaking in GPT-3, exploiting its stochastic behavior.
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Large Language Models Are Human-Level Prompt Engineers
APE generates instruction candidates via LLM and selects the best by zero-shot performance of a second LLM, matching or beating human prompts on 19 of 24 NLP tasks.
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Challenging BIG-Bench Tasks and Whether Chain-of-Thought Can Solve Them
Chain-of-thought prompting enables large language models to surpass average human performance on 17 of 23 challenging BIG-Bench tasks.
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Automatic Chain of Thought Prompting in Large Language Models
Auto-CoT automatically builds chain-of-thought demonstrations by sampling diverse questions and letting the LLM generate reasoning chains, matching manual CoT performance on ten reasoning tasks with GPT-3.
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Red Teaming Language Models to Reduce Harms: Methods, Scaling Behaviors, and Lessons Learned
RLHF-aligned language models show increasing resistance to red teaming with scale up to 52B parameters, unlike prompted or rejection-sampled models, supported by a released dataset of 38,961 attacks.
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Efficient Training of Language Models to Fill in the Middle
Autoregressive language models trained on data with middle spans relocated to the end learn infilling without degrading left-to-right perplexity or sampling quality.
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Inner Monologue: Embodied Reasoning through Planning with Language Models
LLMs form an inner monologue from closed-loop language feedback to improve high-level instruction completion in simulated and real robotic rearrangement and kitchen manipulation tasks.
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Language Models (Mostly) Know What They Know
Language models show good calibration when asked to estimate the probability that their own answers are correct, with performance improving as models get larger.
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Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models
Emergent abilities are capabilities present in large language models but absent in smaller ones and cannot be predicted by extrapolating smaller model performance.
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Scaling Laws and Interpretability of Learning from Repeated Data
Repeating 0.1% of training data 100 times degrades an 800M parameter model's performance to that of a 400M model by damaging copying mechanisms and induction heads associated with generalization.
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Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback
Pith review generated a malformed one-line summary.