FeynmanBench is the first benchmark for evaluating multimodal LLMs on diagrammatic reasoning with Feynman diagrams, revealing systematic failures in enforcing physical constraints and global topology.
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Visual Instruction Tuning
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abstract
Instruction tuning large language models (LLMs) using machine-generated instruction-following data has improved zero-shot capabilities on new tasks, but the idea is less explored in the multimodal field. In this paper, we present the first attempt to use language-only GPT-4 to generate multimodal language-image instruction-following data. By instruction tuning on such generated data, we introduce LLaVA: Large Language and Vision Assistant, an end-to-end trained large multimodal model that connects a vision encoder and LLM for general-purpose visual and language understanding.Our early experiments show that LLaVA demonstrates impressive multimodel chat abilities, sometimes exhibiting the behaviors of multimodal GPT-4 on unseen images/instructions, and yields a 85.1% relative score compared with GPT-4 on a synthetic multimodal instruction-following dataset. When fine-tuned on Science QA, the synergy of LLaVA and GPT-4 achieves a new state-of-the-art accuracy of 92.53%. We make GPT-4 generated visual instruction tuning data, our model and code base publicly available.
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- abstract Instruction tuning large language models (LLMs) using machine-generated instruction-following data has improved zero-shot capabilities on new tasks, but the idea is less explored in the multimodal field. In this paper, we present the first attempt to use language-only GPT-4 to generate multimodal language-image instruction-following data. By instruction tuning on such generated data, we introduce LLaVA: Large Language and Vision Assistant, an end-to-end trained large multimodal model that connects a vision encoder and LLM for general-purpose visual and language understanding.Our early experime
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representative citing papers
MME-RealWorld is the largest manually annotated high-resolution benchmark for MLLMs, where even the best models achieve less than 60% accuracy on challenging real-world tasks.
OSWorld provides the first unified real-computer benchmark for open-ended multimodal agent tasks, exposing large performance gaps between humans and state-of-the-art LLM/VLM agents.
MMMU provides 11.5K heterogeneous college-level multimodal questions that current models solve at 56-59% accuracy, establishing a new standard for expert multimodal evaluation.
MathVista benchmark shows GPT-4V achieves 49.9% accuracy on visual mathematical reasoning tasks, outperforming other models but trailing humans by 10.4%.
COCOTree is a 21K-image benchmark with 1.8M nodes and an OTQ metric for the new task of open tree-structured visual decomposition.
Injecting pre-computed layout priors from RT-DETR into VLM prompts raises markdown F1 from 0.37 to 0.92 on a 10k-page OOD benchmark and cuts infinite-loop failures across domains.
CosFlyTrack provides 12,000 expert UAV trajectories with aligned RGB, depth, segmentation, pose, target state, and bilingual instructions to train visual tracking agents, yielding 53-69 point gains in success rate after fine-tuning.
GeoVista introduces a planning-driven active perception framework with global exploration plans, branch-wise local inspection, and explicit evidence tracking to achieve state-of-the-art results on ultra-high-resolution remote sensing benchmarks.
INSET embeds images as native tokens in interleaved instructions, outperforming prior methods on multi-image consistency and text alignment as complexity grows.
PRISM-VL improves VLM performance by grounding on RAW-derived Meas.-XYZ inputs and exposure-bracketed supervision, gaining +0.1074 BLEU and +4.46% LLM-Judge accuracy over an RGB baseline on a held-out benchmark.
OA-WAM uses persistent address vectors and dynamic content vectors in object slots to enable addressable world-action prediction, improving robustness on manipulation benchmarks under scene changes.
XGRAG uses graph perturbations to quantify component contributions in GraphRAG and achieves 14.81% better explanation quality than text-based baselines on QA datasets, with correlations to graph centrality.
AnchorSeg uses ordered query banks of latent reasoning tokens plus a spatial anchor token and a Token-Mask Cycle Consistency loss to achieve 67.7% gIoU and 68.1% cIoU on the ReasonSeg benchmark.
UniEditBench unifies image and video editing evaluation with a nine-plus-eight operation taxonomy and cost-effective 4B/8B distilled MLLM evaluators that align with human judgments.
Visual token pruning in MLLMs fails on complex reasoning due to Relevant Visual Information Shift during decoding, but the DSTP framework fixes it training-free across models.
Mosaic uses cross-modal clusters as the unit for KVCache organization in VLMs to achieve up to 1.38x speedup in streaming long-video understanding.
UIPress is the first encoder-side learned optical compression method for UI-to-Code that compresses visual tokens to 256, outperforming the uncompressed baseline by 7.5% CLIP score and the best inference-time baseline by 4.6% while delivering 9.1x TTFT speedup.
Instruction-tuned vision-language model PaveGPT, trained on a large unified pavement dataset, achieves substantial gains over general models in comprehensive, standard-compliant pavement condition assessment.
StarVLA delivers a Lego-like open-source framework for VLA models with swappable backbones and action heads, reusable training methods, and unified evaluation across major benchmarks.
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citing papers explorer
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FeynmanBench: Benchmarking Multimodal LLMs on Diagrammatic Physics Reasoning
FeynmanBench is the first benchmark for evaluating multimodal LLMs on diagrammatic reasoning with Feynman diagrams, revealing systematic failures in enforcing physical constraints and global topology.
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MME-RealWorld: Could Your Multimodal LLM Challenge High-Resolution Real-World Scenarios that are Difficult for Humans?
MME-RealWorld is the largest manually annotated high-resolution benchmark for MLLMs, where even the best models achieve less than 60% accuracy on challenging real-world tasks.
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OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environments
OSWorld provides the first unified real-computer benchmark for open-ended multimodal agent tasks, exposing large performance gaps between humans and state-of-the-art LLM/VLM agents.
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MMMU: A Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding and Reasoning Benchmark for Expert AGI
MMMU provides 11.5K heterogeneous college-level multimodal questions that current models solve at 56-59% accuracy, establishing a new standard for expert multimodal evaluation.
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MathVista: Evaluating Mathematical Reasoning of Foundation Models in Visual Contexts
MathVista benchmark shows GPT-4V achieves 49.9% accuracy on visual mathematical reasoning tasks, outperforming other models but trailing humans by 10.4%.
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COCOTree: A Dataset and Benchmark for Open Tree-Structured Visual Decomposition
COCOTree is a 21K-image benchmark with 1.8M nodes and an OTQ metric for the new task of open tree-structured visual decomposition.
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Structured Layout Priors for Robust Out-of-Distribution Visual Document Understanding
Injecting pre-computed layout priors from RT-DETR into VLM prompts raises markdown F1 from 0.37 to 0.92 on a 10k-page OOD benchmark and cuts infinite-loop failures across domains.
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CosFly-Track: A Large-Scale Multi-Modal Dataset for UAV Visual Tracking via Multi-Constraint Trajectory Optimization
CosFlyTrack provides 12,000 expert UAV trajectories with aligned RGB, depth, segmentation, pose, target state, and bilingual instructions to train visual tracking agents, yielding 53-69 point gains in success rate after fine-tuning.
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GeoVista: Visually Grounded Active Perception for Ultra-High-Resolution Remote Sensing Understanding
GeoVista introduces a planning-driven active perception framework with global exploration plans, branch-wise local inspection, and explicit evidence tracking to achieve state-of-the-art results on ultra-high-resolution remote sensing benchmarks.
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Images in Sentences: Scaling Interleaved Instructions for Unified Visual Generation
INSET embeds images as native tokens in interleaved instructions, outperforming prior methods on multi-image consistency and text alignment as complexity grows.
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Allegory of the Cave: Measurement-Grounded Vision-Language Learning
PRISM-VL improves VLM performance by grounding on RAW-derived Meas.-XYZ inputs and exposure-bracketed supervision, gaining +0.1074 BLEU and +4.46% LLM-Judge accuracy over an RGB baseline on a held-out benchmark.
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OA-WAM: Object-Addressable World Action Model for Robust Robot Manipulation
OA-WAM uses persistent address vectors and dynamic content vectors in object slots to enable addressable world-action prediction, improving robustness on manipulation benchmarks under scene changes.
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XGRAG: A Graph-Native Framework for Explaining KG-based Retrieval-Augmented Generation
XGRAG uses graph perturbations to quantify component contributions in GraphRAG and achieves 14.81% better explanation quality than text-based baselines on QA datasets, with correlations to graph centrality.
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AnchorSeg: Language Grounded Query Banks for Reasoning Segmentation
AnchorSeg uses ordered query banks of latent reasoning tokens plus a spatial anchor token and a Token-Mask Cycle Consistency loss to achieve 67.7% gIoU and 68.1% cIoU on the ReasonSeg benchmark.
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UniEditBench: A Unified and Cost-Effective Benchmark for Image and Video Editing via Distilled MLLMs
UniEditBench unifies image and video editing evaluation with a nine-plus-eight operation taxonomy and cost-effective 4B/8B distilled MLLM evaluators that align with human judgments.
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Why and When Visual Token Pruning Fails? A Study on Relevant Visual Information Shift in MLLMs Decoding
Visual token pruning in MLLMs fails on complex reasoning due to Relevant Visual Information Shift during decoding, but the DSTP framework fixes it training-free across models.
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Mosaic: Cross-Modal Clustering for Efficient Video Understanding
Mosaic uses cross-modal clusters as the unit for KVCache organization in VLMs to achieve up to 1.38x speedup in streaming long-video understanding.
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UIPress: Bringing Optical Token Compression to UI-to-Code Generation
UIPress is the first encoder-side learned optical compression method for UI-to-Code that compresses visual tokens to 256, outperforming the uncompressed baseline by 7.5% CLIP score and the best inference-time baseline by 4.6% while delivering 9.1x TTFT speedup.
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Vision-Language Foundation Models for Comprehensive Automated Pavement Condition Assessment
Instruction-tuned vision-language model PaveGPT, trained on a large unified pavement dataset, achieves substantial gains over general models in comprehensive, standard-compliant pavement condition assessment.
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StarVLA: A Lego-like Codebase for Vision-Language-Action Model Developing
StarVLA delivers a Lego-like open-source framework for VLA models with swappable backbones and action heads, reusable training methods, and unified evaluation across major benchmarks.
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MixAtlas: Uncertainty-aware Data Mixture Optimization for Multimodal LLM Midtraining
MixAtlas uses CLIP-based decomposition and Gaussian process optimization on small proxies to discover data mixtures that improve multimodal benchmark performance by up to 17.6% and transfer to larger models with faster convergence.
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OmniSch: A Multimodal PCB Schematic Benchmark For Structured Diagram Visual Reasoning
OmniSch is the first benchmark exposing gaps in LMMs for PCB schematic visual grounding, topology-to-graph parsing, geometric weighting, and tool-augmented reasoning.
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WikiCLIP: An Efficient Contrastive Baseline for Open-domain Visual Entity Recognition
WikiCLIP delivers an efficient contrastive baseline for open-domain visual entity recognition that improves accuracy by 16% on OVEN unseen entities and runs nearly 100 times faster than leading generative models.
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Democratising Pathology Co-Pilots: An Open Pipeline and Dataset for Whole-Slide Vision-Language Modelling
A new open pipeline and dataset enable training of a vision-language model for whole-slide pathology VQA that outperforms MedGemma on tissue identification, neoplasm detection, and differential diagnosis.
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Turning Drift into Constraint: Robust Reasoning Alignment in Non-Stationary Multi-Stream Environments
APO framework aligns multi-source MLLM reasoning under concept drift by using inter-model divergences as negative constraints via supervised bootstrapping and multi-negative Plackett-Luce optimization, with a 7B model outperforming proprietary sources on chest X-ray tasks and a new CXR-MAX benchmark
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Effective Model Pruning: Measure The Redundancy of Model Components
EMP maps importance scores to effective sample size N_eff and prunes the lowest N - N_eff components, with a derived lower bound on retained effective mass and upper bound on loss increase.
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FLARE: Fully Integration of Vision-Language Representations for Deep Cross-Modal Understanding
FLARE is a vision-language model family using text-guided vision encoding, context-aware alignment decoding, dual-semantic mapping loss, and text-driven VQA synthesis to achieve deep cross-modal integration, outperforming larger models with only 630 vision tokens at 3B scale.
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Polymath: A Challenging Multi-modal Mathematical Reasoning Benchmark
PolyMATH is a new 5,000-image benchmark where top MLLMs reach at most 41 percent accuracy on multi-modal mathematical reasoning, with ablation showing minimal gain from text over images.
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V-RoAst: Visual Road Assessment. Can VLM be a Road Safety Assessor Using the iRAP Standard?
V-RoAst applies zero-shot VLMs (Gemini-1.5-flash, GPT-4o-mini) to iRAP road safety attribute classification on a new ThaiRAP image dataset and compares them to CNN baselines, finding better generalization to unseen classes but weaker spatial reasoning.
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Detecting and Evaluating Medical Hallucinations in Large Vision Language Models
Presents Med-HallMark benchmark, MediHall Score metric, and MediHallDetector model for hallucination detection and evaluation in medical LVLMs.
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3D-VLA: A 3D Vision-Language-Action Generative World Model
3D-VLA is a new embodied foundation model that uses a 3D LLM plus aligned diffusion models to generate future images and point clouds for improved reasoning and action planning in 3D environments.
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Vision Mamba: Efficient Visual Representation Learning with Bidirectional State Space Model
Vim is a bidirectional Mamba vision backbone that outperforms DeiT in accuracy on standard tasks while being substantially faster and more memory-efficient for high-resolution images.
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HallusionBench: An Advanced Diagnostic Suite for Entangled Language Hallucination and Visual Illusion in Large Vision-Language Models
HallusionBench shows GPT-4V reaches only 31.42% accuracy on paired questions testing language hallucination and visual illusion in LVLMs, with other models below 16%.
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Set-of-Mark Prompting Unleashes Extraordinary Visual Grounding in GPT-4V
Set-of-Mark prompting marks segmented image regions with alphanumerics and masks to let GPT-4V achieve state-of-the-art zero-shot results on referring expression comprehension and segmentation benchmarks like RefCOCOg.
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SEED-Bench: Benchmarking Multimodal LLMs with Generative Comprehension
SEED-Bench is a new benchmark of 19K multiple-choice questions for evaluating generative comprehension in multimodal LLMs across 12 image and video dimensions.
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Evaluating Object Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Models
Large vision-language models exhibit severe object hallucination that varies with training instructions, and the proposed POPE polling method evaluates it more stably and flexibly than prior approaches.
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WizardLM: Empowering large pre-trained language models to follow complex instructions
WizardLM uses LLM-driven iterative rewriting to generate complex instruction data and fine-tunes LLaMA to reach over 90% of ChatGPT capacity on 17 of 29 evaluated skills.
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LLaMA-Adapter: Efficient Fine-tuning of Language Models with Zero-init Attention
LLaMA-Adapter turns frozen LLaMA 7B into a capable instruction follower using only 1.2M new parameters and zero-init attention, matching Alpaca while extending to image-conditioned reasoning on ScienceQA and COCO.
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Attention Hijacking: Response Manipulation Across Queries in Vision-Language Models
Attention Hijacking is a new attack that improves cross-query transferability in VLMs by explicitly steering internal attention to a persistent image-dominant pattern.
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Correcting Influence: Unboxing LLM Outputs with Orthogonal Latent Spaces
A latent mediation framework with sparse autoencoders enables non-additive token-level influence attribution in LLMs by learning orthogonal features and back-propagating attributions.
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Personal Visual Context Learning in Large Multimodal Models
Introduces Personal VCL formalization and benchmark revealing LMM context gaps, plus an Agentic Context Bank baseline that boosts personalized visual reasoning.
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Guaranteed Jailbreaking Defense via Disrupt-and-Rectify Smoothing
DR-Smoothing introduces a disrupt-then-rectify prompt processing scheme into smoothing defenses, delivering tight theoretical bounds on success probability against both token- and prompt-level jailbreaks.
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Evading Visual Aphasia: Contrastive Adaptive Semantic Token Pruning for Vision-Language Models
COAST prunes 77.8% of visual tokens in LVLMs with a 2.15x speedup while keeping 98.64% of original performance by adaptively routing semantic and spatial context via contrastive scores.
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ChartZero: Synthetic Priors Enable Zero Shot Chart Data Extraction
ChartZero achieves zero-shot line chart data extraction by training only on synthetic mathematical functions, using a Global Orthogonal Instance loss to prevent curve fragmentation and a VLM-guided strategy for legend matching.
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TriRelVLA: Triadic Relational Structure for Generalizable Embodied Manipulation
TriRelVLA introduces triadic object-hand-task relational representations and a task-grounded graph transformer with a relational bottleneck to improve generalization in robotic manipulation across scenes, objects, and tasks.
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Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Pathologic Movements? A Pilot Study on Seizure Semiology
MLLMs achieve zero-shot recognition of seizure semiological features better than fine-tuned vision models on most tested features, with signal enhancement and faithful explanations.
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VisInject: Disruption != Injection -- A Dual-Dimension Evaluation of Universal Adversarial Attacks on Vision-Language Models
Universal adversarial attacks cause output perturbation 90 times more often than precise target injection in VLMs, with only 2 verbatim successes out of 6615 tests.
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HypEHR: Hyperbolic Modeling of Electronic Health Records for Efficient Question Answering
HypEHR is a hyperbolic embedding model for EHR data that uses Lorentzian geometry and hierarchy-aware pretraining to answer clinical questions nearly as well as large language models but with much smaller size.
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Text Steganography with Dynamic Codebook and Multimodal Large Language Model
A black-box text steganography method using a dynamic codebook generated by multimodal LLMs and reject-sampling feedback achieves higher embedding capacity and text quality than prior white-box and fixed-codebook black-box approaches.
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SIF: Semantically In-Distribution Fingerprints for Large Vision-Language Models
SIF creates semantically in-distribution fingerprints for LVLMs by distilling text watermarks into visual inputs and optimizing for robustness against detection and modification.