L-layer transformers under Log-ICoT curriculum provably learn k-parity with poly(n) samples and log k stages, matching explicit CoT efficiency without inference overhead.
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Least-to-Most Prompting Enables Complex Reasoning in Large Language Models
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abstract
Chain-of-thought prompting has demonstrated remarkable performance on various natural language reasoning tasks. However, it tends to perform poorly on tasks which requires solving problems harder than the exemplars shown in the prompts. To overcome this challenge of easy-to-hard generalization, we propose a novel prompting strategy, least-to-most prompting. The key idea in this strategy is to break down a complex problem into a series of simpler subproblems and then solve them in sequence. Solving each subproblem is facilitated by the answers to previously solved subproblems. Our experimental results on tasks related to symbolic manipulation, compositional generalization, and math reasoning reveal that least-to-most prompting is capable of generalizing to more difficult problems than those seen in the prompts. A notable finding is that when the GPT-3 code-davinci-002 model is used with least-to-most prompting, it can solve the compositional generalization benchmark SCAN in any split (including length split) with an accuracy of at least 99% using just 14 exemplars, compared to only 16% accuracy with chain-of-thought prompting. This is particularly noteworthy because neural-symbolic models in the literature that specialize in solving SCAN are trained on the entire training set containing over 15,000 examples. We have included prompts for all the tasks in the Appendix.
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- abstract Chain-of-thought prompting has demonstrated remarkable performance on various natural language reasoning tasks. However, it tends to perform poorly on tasks which requires solving problems harder than the exemplars shown in the prompts. To overcome this challenge of easy-to-hard generalization, we propose a novel prompting strategy, least-to-most prompting. The key idea in this strategy is to break down a complex problem into a series of simpler subproblems and then solve them in sequence. Solving each subproblem is facilitated by the answers to previously solved subproblems. Our experimental
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representative citing papers
Promptbreeder evolves both task prompts and the mutation prompts that improve them using LLMs, outperforming Chain-of-Thought and Plan-and-Solve on arithmetic and commonsense reasoning benchmarks.
Tree of Thoughts enables language models to solve complex planning tasks by generating, evaluating, and searching over coherent intermediate thoughts in a tree, raising Game of 24 success from 4% to 74% with GPT-4.
PAL improves few-shot reasoning accuracy by having LLMs generate executable programs rather than text-based chains of thought, outperforming much larger models on math and logic benchmarks.
Language models generate robot policy code from natural language commands via few-shot prompting, enabling spatial-geometric reasoning, generalization, and precise control on real robots.
DICE formalizes multi-agent LLM coordination as discounted incomplete-information Markov games and introduces Heterogeneous Quantal Response Equilibrium (HQRE) to achieve unique stable equilibria with bounded regret, demonstrated via prompt-control and fine-tuning algorithms on eleven benchmarks.
Rosetta Memory trains two profile-conditioned operators with a minimum-gain sampling curriculum and performance-gap reward to enable memory transfer between LLMs, showing gains on multi-hop QA benchmarks and robustness to unseen models.
Prefix gain measured via student-model solve-rate improvement is used to train a Prefix Utility Model (PUM) that supplies stronger supervision than correctness-based process rewards for mathematical reasoning.
An automatic numeric-remapping attack generator reveals 12-26 point accuracy drops on GSM8K for three LLMs while MAWPS and MultiArith stay near 98%.
Adding explicit parent pointers to represent search tree structure in LLM reasoning traces (LinTree) improves task performance and search efficiency on Blocks World, grid Navigation, and Sokoban relative to implicit traces and LLM-heuristic search.
ContextEcho benchmark shows persona drift occurs across 23 frontier models in long agentic-coding sessions, is not reliably reset by compaction, and can be restored by single-shot anchors with mode-dependent effects.
LGMT applies metamorphic testing derived from first-order logic equivalences to detect reasoning inconsistencies in LLMs that static benchmarks miss.
LEAD uses online adaptive mechanisms including Potential-Scaled Instability and symmetric efficiency rewards based on correct rollouts to achieve higher accuracy-efficiency scores with substantially shorter reasoning outputs than base models on math benchmarks.
Think-with-Rubrics has LLMs generate rubrics internally before responding, outperforming external rubric-as-reward baselines by 3.87 points on average across benchmarks.
Retrieving structured thinking traces as a corpus improves reasoning performance on AIME, LiveCodeBench, and GPQA over standard RAG or no retrieval.
VIDA provides 2,500 visually-dependent ambiguous translation examples and span-level disambiguation metrics; CoT-SFT on LVLMs improves out-of-distribution performance over standard SFT.
Presents MBFC-2025 dataset and multi-view embeddings with fusion methods for media bias and factuality, reporting SOTA results on ACL-2020 and new benchmarks on MBFC-2025.
Incisor uses program analysis and frontier LLMs to select working AWS EC2 instances ex ante for 100% of first-time HPC runs of C/C++/Fortran and Python codes, cutting runtime 54% and costs 44% versus an expert-constrained SkyPilot baseline.
Applying Canonical Correlation Analysis to paired residual activations from natural-language and symbolic reasoning chains in LLMs reveals a low-dimensional shared logical subspace that can steer the model's reasoning for up to 11 percentage point accuracy gains on logical benchmarks.
Self-Correcting RAG formalizes retrieval as MMKP to maximize information density under token limits and uses NLI-guided MCTS to validate faithfulness, raising accuracy and cutting hallucinations on six multi-hop QA and fact-checking datasets.
iTAG generates natural text paired with accurate causal graph annotations by framing concept assignment as an inverse problem and refining selections via chain-of-thought reasoning until the text's relations align with the target causal structure.
Chain-of-Thought prompting balances high accuracy with low energy use in small language models for code generation, while multi-sampling strategies add high energy costs for small accuracy gains.
LEAD lets LLMs solve checkers jumping puzzles up to size 13 by using lookahead to recover from irreversible errors on hard steps that break extreme decomposition.
Video-R1 uses temporal-aware RL and mixed datasets to boost video reasoning in MLLMs, with a 7B model reaching 37.1% on VSI-Bench and surpassing GPT-4o.
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