The work gives the first algorithms for general robust Markov games with linear function approximation whose sample complexity breaks the curse of multiagency for large state spaces in both generative and online settings.
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Solving Rubik's Cube with a Robot Hand
Canonical reference. 78% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
abstract
We demonstrate that models trained only in simulation can be used to solve a manipulation problem of unprecedented complexity on a real robot. This is made possible by two key components: a novel algorithm, which we call automatic domain randomization (ADR) and a robot platform built for machine learning. ADR automatically generates a distribution over randomized environments of ever-increasing difficulty. Control policies and vision state estimators trained with ADR exhibit vastly improved sim2real transfer. For control policies, memory-augmented models trained on an ADR-generated distribution of environments show clear signs of emergent meta-learning at test time. The combination of ADR with our custom robot platform allows us to solve a Rubik's cube with a humanoid robot hand, which involves both control and state estimation problems. Videos summarizing our results are available: https://openai.com/blog/solving-rubiks-cube/
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representative citing papers
Promptbreeder evolves both task prompts and the mutation prompts that improve them using LLMs, outperforming Chain-of-Thought and Plan-and-Solve on arithmetic and commonsense reasoning benchmarks.
GPT-f, a transformer-based prover for Metamath, generated new short proofs that were accepted into the main library—the first such contribution from a deep-learning system.
Labimus is the first benchmark for humanoid dexterous manipulation in organic chemistry laboratories, exposing a gap between task completion and required experimental precision.
DexCompose achieves 77.4% average success on 16 composite dexterous tasks by using role-aware residual composition with explicit finger ownership to combine pretrained policies without destructive interference.
CoP tactile representation with differentiable calibration enables zero-shot sim-to-real transfer and outperforms binary and raw-taxel baselines on peg-in-hole insertion and ball balancing with a multi-fingered hand.
A transformer policy distilled from a privileged RL teacher enables 3.1x faster real-world cube rotation on the ORCA hand using solely joint sensor data by extracting implicit object state from temporal joint patterns.
DRATS derives a minimax objective from a feasibility formulation of MTRL to adaptively sample tasks with the largest return gaps, leading to better worst-task performance on MetaWorld benchmarks.
SeqRejectron constructs a stopping rule with a small set of validator policies to achieve horizon-free sample complexity for selective imitation learning under arbitrary dynamics shifts.
ReGuard discovers network scenarios where RL controllers perform 43-64% worse than achievable and reduces those gaps by 79-85% with lightweight rule-based protection that preserves normal performance.
HANDFUL learns resource-aware grasps using finger contact rewards and curriculum learning to improve success on sequential dexterous tasks in simulation and on a real LEAP hand.
Betting mechanisms can yield provably more accurate and efficient estimates of real-world robot behavior than Monte Carlo sampling under specified conditions, with practical approximations demonstrated on synthetic data and a robotic manipulator task.
Topology-preserving synthetic P&IDs generated by seeding from real drawings enable models trained solely on synthetics to achieve 63.8% edge mAP on real P&ID benchmarks, closing most of the gap to real-data training.
Single-timescale actor-critic with STORM momentum and a recent-sample buffer achieves optimal O(ε^{-2}) sample complexity for ε-optimal policies in finite discounted MDPs.
A Sim2Real2Sim learning pipeline enables a real-world dexterous robot to play piano pieces including Happy Birthday and Ode to Joy with an average F1-score of 0.881.
OpenAI Five achieved superhuman performance in Dota 2 by defeating the world champions using scaled self-play reinforcement learning.
A world-action model trained on ~800 synthetic demonstrations per task achieves 35% zero-shot success on real-robot manipulation tasks.
Task diversity along map, object, and hierarchy axes produces local transfer across shifts in a new continual RL benchmark but fails to sustain learning as the number of shifts grows.
Physical Atari is a robust under-$1000 hardware platform combining a bearing-based robot arm, Atari controller actuator, screen renderer, and camera for real-time RL experiments directly on physical hardware.
UniLab is a CPU/GPU heterogeneous system for robot RL training using MuJoCoUni and MotrixSim backends that reports 3-10x end-to-end efficiency improvements and cross-platform compatibility beyond CUDA.
Fishbone introduces a unified rib-spine representation computed via adaptive heat method, iso-contour ribs, and geometry-aware spine that enables real-time parametric deformation, reduced-space simulation, and animation on general meshes.
A VAE-based latent task representation enables automatic curriculum generation in CRL for non-Euclidean navigation tasks, outperforming interpolation and GAN-based methods in experiments.
The paper decomposes simulator value errors into identifiable shifts and irreducible residuals, shows passive learning fails on reachability, and introduces Fisher-SEP to minimize posterior value variance via targeted experiments.
Recasts sampling-based nonconvex optimization as smoothed gradient descent to obtain non-asymptotic convergence guarantees and introduces the DIDA annealed algorithm that converges to the global optimum.
citing papers explorer
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Zero-Shot Sim-to-Real Robot Learning: A Dexterous Manipulation Study on Reactive Catching
DRIS improves zero-shot sim-to-real transfer for reactive catching by maintaining and acting on sets of randomized dynamics instances instead of single instances per episode.
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GS-Playground: A High-Throughput Photorealistic Simulator for Vision-Informed Robot Learning
GS-Playground delivers a high-throughput photorealistic simulator for vision-informed robot learning via parallel physics integrated with batch 3D Gaussian Splatting at 10^4 FPS and an automated Real2Sim workflow for consistent environments.
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Isaac Lab: A GPU-Accelerated Simulation Framework for Multi-Modal Robot Learning
Isaac Lab is a unified GPU-native platform combining high-fidelity physics, photorealistic rendering, multi-frequency sensors, domain randomization, and learning pipelines for scalable multi-modal robot policy training.
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Isaac Gym: High Performance GPU-Based Physics Simulation For Robot Learning
Isaac Gym achieves 2-3 orders of magnitude faster robot policy training by keeping physics simulation and PyTorch-based RL entirely on GPU with direct buffer sharing.
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