A numerical polology sampler maps ghost- and tachyon-free regions of bosonic EFT coupling spaces and finds new particle branches, including a spin-one mode in general rank-2 tensor theories.
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The Dawn of FIMP Dark Matter: A Review of Models and Constraints
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abstract
We present an overview of scenarios where the observed Dark Matter (DM) abundance consists of Feebly Interacting Massive Particles (FIMPs), produced non-thermally by the so-called freeze-in mechanism. In contrast to the usual freeze-out scenario, frozen-in FIMP DM interacts very weakly with the particles in the visible sector and never attained thermal equilibrium with the baryon-photon fluid in the early Universe. Instead of being determined by its annihilation strength, the DM abundance depends on the decay and annihilation strengths of particles in equilibrium with the baryon-photon fluid, as well as couplings in the DM sector. This makes frozen-in DM very difficult but not impossible to test. In this review, we present the freeze-in mechanism and its variations considered in the literature (dark freeze-out and reannihilation), compare them to the standard DM freeze-out scenario, discuss several aspects of model building, and pay particular attention to observational properties and general testability of such feebly interacting DM.
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Derives analytic relic yields for dark matter production in general reheating scenarios parametrized by equation-of-state ω, cooling index α, interaction scale Λ and temperature power n, organized by two critical temperature exponents.
Astrophysical uncertainties in dark matter halo models produce O(1% to 100%) fractional deviations in predicted single-phonon rates, but can be captured by parameter variations within the Standard Halo Model after rms-matching.
Dirac right-handed neutrinos in a U(1)_{B-L} Z' portal model produce observable ΔN_eff that, together with direct/indirect detection and collider bounds, carves out testable WIMP and FIMP dark-matter regions.
Generalizes UFO to T ~ a^{-ξ} and introduces GUFO from gravitational production, extending DM mass reach to 10^7 GeV for n=2 in matter-like reheating.
Stronger couplings or inflaton-seeded initial abundance allow freeze-in dark matter to match the relic density while evading DAMIC-M and PandaX bounds for reheating temperatures below the electroweak scale.
Bose-Einstein condensate formation in neutron stars enhances dark matter annihilation by 10^15-10^20, allowing freeze-in models to produce observable heating and probe neutrino-fog scattering cross-sections.
Bubble collisions during a first-order phase transition at the end of inflation can generate the observed dark matter abundance in a restricted region of parameter space via direct production and spectator decays.
Ultrarelativistically decoupling dark matter in Z' portal models has direct detection cross sections that existing experiments like LZ and XENONnT have already excluded over large regions, leaving testable space above the neutrino fog for 0.4 GeV to 1 TeV masses.
A multiverse cosmological selection mechanism in an SM extension with scalar singlet and RH neutrinos under B-L dynamically fixes the EW scale while addressing neutrino masses, leptogenesis, and dark matter.
Collider experiments can strongly constrain p-wave-suppressed derivative operators and thereby limit reheating temperature, DM mass, and interaction scale needed to match observed DM abundance during reheating.
Low-reheating-temperature freeze-in of SU(2) vector dark matter yields three stable degenerate states and enlarges the viable parameter space relative to abelian models, with part already constrained by PandaX-4T and LZ.
In an E6-derived ψ'SM extension, a singlet fermion acts as freeze-in dark matter with relic density set by scalar decays for masses from a few MeV to hundreds of GeV, while type-I seesaw neutrinos simultaneously produce the observed baryon asymmetry via leptogenesis.
Thermal corrections to reheating and freeze-in DM production rates are generally small in the computable regime but can be large in constructed counter-examples.
Multi-phase non-minimal inflation in metric and Palatini gravity predicts ns between 0.93 and 0.98, r up to 0.03 in metric but below 10^{-5} in Palatini, with non-thermal DM and leptogenesis viable for couplings in the 10^{-7} to 10^{-3} range.
Dipole dark matter produced by freeze-out or freeze-in, including entropy dilution from reheating, can be probed via neutron star heating due to momentum-dependent electromagnetic interactions.
citing papers explorer
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Numerical polology: towards next-generation model-building for cosmology
A numerical polology sampler maps ghost- and tachyon-free regions of bosonic EFT coupling spaces and finds new particle branches, including a spin-one mode in general rank-2 tensor theories.
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Freeze-in and ultra-relativistic freeze-out during general reheating scenarios
Derives analytic relic yields for dark matter production in general reheating scenarios parametrized by equation-of-state ω, cooling index α, interaction scale Λ and temperature power n, organized by two critical temperature exponents.
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Astrophysical Uncertainties in Sub-GeV Dark Matter Detection via Single Phonon Excitations
Astrophysical uncertainties in dark matter halo models produce O(1% to 100%) fractional deviations in predicted single-phonon rates, but can be captured by parameter variations within the Standard Halo Model after rms-matching.
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$Z^\prime$ Portal Dark Matter with Observable $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$
Dirac right-handed neutrinos in a U(1)_{B-L} Z' portal model produce observable ΔN_eff that, together with direct/indirect detection and collider bounds, carves out testable WIMP and FIMP dark-matter regions.
-
Gravitational ultra-relativistic freeze-out during general reheating
Generalizes UFO to T ~ a^{-ξ} and introduces GUFO from gravitational production, extending DM mass reach to 10^7 GeV for n=2 in matter-like reheating.
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When direct detection constrains reheating temperature: freeze-in with stronger couplings and inflaton-seeded freeze-in
Stronger couplings or inflaton-seeded initial abundance allow freeze-in dark matter to match the relic density while evading DAMIC-M and PandaX bounds for reheating temperatures below the electroweak scale.
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Probing freeze-in dark matter using Bose-Einstein condensate in neutron star
Bose-Einstein condensate formation in neutron stars enhances dark matter annihilation by 10^15-10^20, allowing freeze-in models to produce observable heating and probe neutrino-fog scattering cross-sections.
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Dark Matter Production from Bubble Collisions during a First-Order Phase Transition at the End of Inflation
Bubble collisions during a first-order phase transition at the end of inflation can generate the observed dark matter abundance in a restricted region of parameter space via direct production and spectator decays.
-
Searching for UFOs from the early universe: direct detection prospects for relativistically decoupling dark matter
Ultrarelativistically decoupling dark matter in Z' portal models has direct detection cross sections that existing experiments like LZ and XENONnT have already excluded over large regions, leaving testable space above the neutrino fog for 0.4 GeV to 1 TeV masses.
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Linking the Gauge Hierarchy with Neutrino Masses and Dark Matter via Two-step Cosmological Selection
A multiverse cosmological selection mechanism in an SM extension with scalar singlet and RH neutrinos under B-L dynamically fixes the EW scale while addressing neutrino masses, leptogenesis, and dark matter.
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From WIMP to FIMP during reheating: collider vs non-collider probes for p-wave annihilation
Collider experiments can strongly constrain p-wave-suppressed derivative operators and thereby limit reheating temperature, DM mass, and interaction scale needed to match observed DM abundance during reheating.
-
Freeze-in $SU(2)$ vector dark matter at low reheating temperature
Low-reheating-temperature freeze-in of SU(2) vector dark matter yields three stable degenerate states and enlarges the viable parameter space relative to abelian models, with part already constrained by PandaX-4T and LZ.
-
Freeze-In Dark Matter and Leptogenesis: a $\psi'$SM route
In an E6-derived ψ'SM extension, a singlet fermion acts as freeze-in dark matter with relic density set by scalar decays for masses from a few MeV to hundreds of GeV, while type-I seesaw neutrinos simultaneously produce the observed baryon asymmetry via leptogenesis.
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Thermal effects on Dark Matter production during cosmic reheating
Thermal corrections to reheating and freeze-in DM production rates are generally small in the computable regime but can be large in constructed counter-examples.
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Induced Multi-phase Inflation with Reheating: Leptogenesis and Dark Matter Production in Metric versus Palatini
Multi-phase non-minimal inflation in metric and Palatini gravity predicts ns between 0.93 and 0.98, r up to 0.03 in metric but below 10^{-5} in Palatini, with non-thermal DM and leptogenesis viable for couplings in the 10^{-7} to 10^{-3} range.
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Neutron stars as thermometers for reheating induced dipole dark matter
Dipole dark matter produced by freeze-out or freeze-in, including entropy dilution from reheating, can be probed via neutron star heating due to momentum-dependent electromagnetic interactions.