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arxiv: 2605.27521 · v1 · pith:I3CVMKUVnew · submitted 2026-05-26 · ✦ hep-ph · astro-ph.CO· hep-ex· hep-th

From WIMP to FIMP during reheating: collider vs non-collider probes for p-wave annihilation

Dipankar Pradhan , Niloy Mondal , Abhik Sarkar , Anupam Ghosh , Shashwat Sharma , Mathew Thomas Arun , Basabendu Barman This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-29 16:35 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph astro-ph.COhep-exhep-th
keywords dark matterreheatingfreeze-inp-wave annihilationcollider constraintseffective operatorspre-BBN universeWIMP to FIMP
0
0 comments X

The pith

Collider experiments impose strong bounds on p-wave suppressed dark matter interactions during reheating, restricting viable reheating temperatures, DM masses and interaction scales.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper examines dark matter production during the reheating epoch after inflation, where the mechanism shifts from freeze-out to freeze-in for p-wave suppressed interactions. It models these interactions with dimension-six effective operators and incorporates constraints from direct and indirect searches, invisible decays, colliders and gravitational waves. Collider experiments at the intensity and energy frontiers bound derivative operators that astrophysical observations constrain only weakly due to suppression. This restricts the reheating temperature, dark matter mass and effective scale needed to match the observed abundance. The analysis shows that both current and future probes can test the pre-BBN universe through these channels.

Core claim

Within perturbative reheating, dark matter produced via dimension-six operators transitions from WIMP-like freeze-out to FIMP-like freeze-in; collider searches then bound the p-wave suppressed derivative interactions strongly enough to limit the reheating temperature, DM mass and interaction scale required for the observed relic density.

What carries the argument

Dimension-six effective operators mediating p-wave annihilation during perturbative reheating, which control the shift between thermal freeze-out and freeze-in production mechanisms.

If this is right

  • Collider bounds on invisible decays and missing-energy signals exclude portions of reheating temperature space that would otherwise reproduce the observed DM abundance.
  • Gravitational wave observations from the reheating epoch provide complementary limits on the post-inflationary expansion history.
  • Direct and indirect detection experiments add weaker constraints for p-wave cases but remain relevant for s-wave contributions.
  • Future intensity-frontier and energy-frontier runs can further narrow the allowed DM mass and operator scale ranges.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If collider data close off the parameter space, models may need to invoke higher-dimensional operators or non-perturbative reheating dynamics.
  • The same collider-plus-reheating framework could be applied to other production epochs or different operator dimensions to map early-universe physics.
  • Links between the derived reheating temperature bounds and specific gravitational-wave spectra could be checked with next-generation detectors.

Load-bearing premise

Dark matter interacts with the visible sector exclusively through dimension-six effective operators in a perturbative reheating framework.

What would settle it

A measured dark matter relic density that requires a reheating temperature outside the range allowed by collider limits on the effective operator scale for a given DM mass would falsify the derived restrictions.

read the original abstract

By examining the transition from freeze-out to freeze-in dark matter (DM) production within the framework of perturbative reheating, where DM interacts with the visible sector through effective operators of dimension six, we have investigated how a broad range of new physics probes can reveal the nature of the pre-BBN Universe. Incorporating constraints from direct and indirect DM searches, invisible decay measurements, collider experiments, and gravitational wave observations, our analysis demonstrates that both current and forthcoming experimental sensitivities can serve as powerful tools for probing as well as constraining the post-inflationary era, together with new physics beyond the SM. Our analysis demonstrates that collider experiments at both the intensity and energy frontiers can impose strong bounds on derivative operators whose interactions are typically {\it p-wave suppressed}, and therefore only weakly constrained by astrophysical observations. In particular, these complementary searches can significantly restrict the allowed reheating temperature, DM mass and effective interaction scale required to reproduce the observed DM abundance for DM produced during the epoch of reheating.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript studies dark matter production during perturbative reheating in the WIMP-to-FIMP transition, with DM interacting via dimension-six effective operators that yield p-wave suppressed annihilation. It maps the parameter space of reheating temperature T_RH, DM mass, and effective scale Lambda required to match the observed relic density, then overlays constraints from direct/indirect detection, invisible decays, collider searches (intensity and energy frontiers), and gravitational waves, arguing that collider bounds on derivative operators are particularly powerful because astrophysical rates are velocity-suppressed.

Significance. If the central results hold, the work usefully illustrates the kinematic complementarity between high-momentum collider processes and low-velocity astrophysical observables for p-wave operators, thereby showing how intensity- and energy-frontier experiments can restrict the viable (T_RH, m_DM, Lambda) space consistent with the observed abundance. The explicit scoping to perturbative reheating and dim-6 operators is clearly stated, and the absence of internal inconsistency within that framework is a strength.

minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract, paragraph 1: the statement that collider searches 'can significantly restrict the allowed reheating temperature, DM mass and effective interaction scale' would be strengthened by an explicit statement of the numerical ranges over which this restriction occurs (e.g., the factor by which Lambda is bounded for a given T_RH).
  2. The manuscript would benefit from a short dedicated paragraph clarifying that the observed abundance is used to fix Lambda for each (T_RH, m_DM) choice, so that the resulting collider limits are conditional on that normalization rather than independent predictions; this is standard but should be stated once for clarity.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive assessment of our manuscript and the recommendation of minor revision. No specific major comments were listed in the report.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity identified

full rationale

The paper conducts a standard parameter-space scan in the perturbative reheating + dim-6 EFT framework, fixing the effective scale to reproduce the observed relic density for each (T_rh, m_DM) choice and then overlaying external experimental bounds. This is self-contained phenomenology with no reduction of any claimed prediction to its own inputs by construction, no load-bearing self-citations, and no ansatz smuggled via prior work. The complementarity between collider and astrophysical probes follows directly from velocity suppression in the non-relativistic limit, which is a standard kinematic feature of the operators and does not require the target result as an assumption.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The analysis rests on standard cosmological assumptions plus the choice of dimension-six operators; no new particles or forces are introduced. The interaction scale is fitted to the observed abundance, making it a free parameter.

free parameters (2)
  • effective interaction scale Lambda
    Fitted so that the integrated yield during reheating matches the observed DM density for each choice of mass and reheating temperature.
  • reheating temperature T_RH
    Varied as a free input; bounds are derived by requiring consistency with DM abundance.
axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Perturbative reheating with a single inflaton decay width
    Invoked in the first sentence of the abstract to define the production epoch.
  • domain assumption DM couples only via dimension-six operators
    Stated as the interaction framework throughout the abstract.

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discussion (0)

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