P2R decouples perception from reasoning in VLMs via a two-stage process and PRA-GRPO alternating RL training, reporting gains such as 93.2% on V-Star for the 4B model over its Qwen3-VL backbone.
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R1-Onevision: Advancing Generalized Multimodal Reasoning through Cross-Modal Formalization
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abstract
Large Language Models have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capability in complex textual tasks. However, multimodal reasoning, which requires integrating visual and textual information, remains a significant challenge. Existing visual-language models often struggle to effectively analyze and reason visual content, resulting in suboptimal performance on complex reasoning tasks. Moreover, the absence of comprehensive benchmarks hinders the accurate assessment of multimodal reasoning capabilities. In this paper, we introduce R1-Onevision, a multimodal reasoning model designed to bridge the gap between visual perception and deep reasoning. To achieve this, we propose a cross-modal reasoning pipeline that transforms images into formal textural representations, enabling precise language-based reasoning. Leveraging this pipeline, we construct the R1-Onevision dataset which provides detailed, step-by-step multimodal reasoning annotations across diverse domains. We further develop the R1-Onevision model through supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning to cultivate advanced reasoning and robust generalization abilities. To comprehensively evaluate multimodal reasoning performance across different grades, we introduce R1-Onevision-Bench, a benchmark aligned with human educational stages, covering exams from junior high school to university and beyond. Experimental results show that R1-Onevision achieves state-of-the-art performance, outperforming models such as GPT-4o and Qwen2.5-VL on multiple challenging multimodal reasoning benchmarks.
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representative citing papers
Introduces VidPair-Halluc benchmark of 1K background-controlled adversarial video pairs and 11K QA pairs generated via PairFlow pipeline to evaluate hallucination in LVMs.
Introduces OMTG benchmark with C-Acc and EtF1 metrics, a 56k dataset, and caption/temporal rewards, reaching 43.65% EtF1 SOTA on the new bench.
A reinforcement-learned vision-language agent adaptively selects and fuses monocular depth experts per sample for better performance across camera geometries.
Proposes Spatial Narrative Score (SNS) evaluation for VLMs' camera motion understanding and introduces CaMo model achieving consistent performance on SNS and direct QA.
VLMs fail to detect image swaps during self-reflective reasoning with accuracy drops up to 60%, revealing that self-generated reflections do not trigger genuine visual re-examination.
LMMs perceive videos but underexploit visual content for causal reasoning due to textual shortcuts; ProCauEval diagnoses this and ADPO training reduces reliance on priors.
SeePhys Pro benchmark reveals multimodal models degrade on physics reasoning as information transfers from text to images, with blind training improvements often stemming from textual cues rather than visual evidence.
ProjLens shows that backdoor parameters in MLLMs are encoded in low-rank subspaces of the projector and that embeddings shift toward the target direction with magnitude linear in input norm, activating only on poisoned samples.
RL post-training on hallucination-forced multimodal data improves reasoning performance and can outperform standard training.
GPRO trains a meta-controller on 790k failure-labeled samples to dynamically select fast, perception, or reasoning paths in LVLMs, yielding higher accuracy and shorter responses than prior slow-thinking methods.
DMLR performs dynamic visual-textual interleaving in latent space using confidence-guided latent policy gradient optimization and a dynamic visual injection strategy, yielding improved multimodal reasoning on benchmarks.
RS-EoT uses a SocraticAgent self-play system and two-stage RL to train VLMs for genuine iterative reasoning and visual inspection on remote sensing VQA and grounding tasks, achieving SOTA results.
MGPO elicits grounding in LMMs via multi-turn RL with binary rewards, yielding 5.4% and 5.2% gains on MME-Realworld and V* Bench and surpassing GPT-4o on the latter after training on 21K samples.
VGR introduces a visual-grounded reasoning MLLM that detects and replays image regions during inference, achieving gains on visual benchmarks with 30% fewer image tokens than the LLaVA-NeXT-7B baseline.
GRIT introduces a grounded reasoning paradigm for MLLMs where reasoning chains interleave text and bounding boxes, trained via GRPO-GR reinforcement learning on as few as 20 examples without annotations.
TRON supplies 520 rule-verifiable online visual reasoning environments across five ability buckets that generate unlimited training instances for RL post-training, yielding consistent gains on ten external multimodal benchmarks for three vision-language models.
A unified learnable KV eviction policy with cross-layer calibration reduces memory and matches or exceeds full-cache performance on long-context tasks by retaining useful tokens and limiting attention dilution.
ROMA improves MLLM robustness to seen and unseen visual corruptions by +2.3-2.4% over GRPO on seven reasoning benchmarks while matching clean accuracy.
Denoising Recursion Models train multi-step noise reversal in looped transformers and outperform the prior Tiny Recursion Model on ARC-AGI.
Saliency-R1 uses a novel saliency map technique and GRPO with human bounding-box overlap as reward to improve VLM reasoning faithfulness and interpretability.
SPHINX generates synthetic visual puzzles for benchmarking LVLMs, where GPT-5 scores 51.1% and RLVR training improves both in-domain and external visual reasoning performance.
REVISOR adds multimodal visual-text reflection and a Dual Attribution Decoupled Reward to improve long-form video reasoning in MLLMs without extra supervised fine-tuning.
Locate-Then-Examine improves AI-generated image detection by localizing suspicious regions first then performing region-aware re-examination, while releasing the TRACE dataset of 20k annotated images.
citing papers explorer
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Perceive-to-Reason: Decoupling Perception and Reasoning for Fine-Grained Visual Reasoning
P2R decouples perception from reasoning in VLMs via a two-stage process and PRA-GRPO alternating RL training, reporting gains such as 93.2% on V-Star for the 4B model over its Qwen3-VL backbone.
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No Place to Hide: Benchmarking Video Hallucination with Background-Controlled Pairs
Introduces VidPair-Halluc benchmark of 1K background-controlled adversarial video pairs and 11K QA pairs generated via PairFlow pipeline to evaluate hallucination in LVMs.
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Towards One-to-Many Temporal Grounding
Introduces OMTG benchmark with C-Acc and EtF1 metrics, a 56k dataset, and caption/temporal rewards, reaching 43.65% EtF1 SOTA on the new bench.
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DepthAgent: Towards Better Universal Depth Estimation via Sample-wise Expert Selection
A reinforcement-learned vision-language agent adaptively selects and fuses monocular depth experts per sample for better performance across camera geometries.
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CaMo: Camera Motion Grounded Evaluation and Training for Vision-Language Models
Proposes Spatial Narrative Score (SNS) evaluation for VLMs' camera motion understanding and introduces CaMo model achieving consistent performance on SNS and direct QA.
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Are VLMs Seeing or Just Saying? Uncovering the Illusion of Visual Re-examination
VLMs fail to detect image swaps during self-reflective reasoning with accuracy drops up to 60%, revealing that self-generated reflections do not trigger genuine visual re-examination.
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Perception Without Engagement: Dissecting the Causal Discovery Deficit in LMMs
LMMs perceive videos but underexploit visual content for causal reasoning due to textual shortcuts; ProCauEval diagnoses this and ADPO training reduces reliance on priors.
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SeePhys Pro: Diagnosing Modality Transfer and Blind-Training Effects in Multimodal RLVR for Physics Reasoning
SeePhys Pro benchmark reveals multimodal models degrade on physics reasoning as information transfers from text to images, with blind training improvements often stemming from textual cues rather than visual evidence.
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ProjLens: Unveiling the Role of Projectors in Multimodal Model Safety
ProjLens shows that backdoor parameters in MLLMs are encoded in low-rank subspaces of the projector and that embeddings shift toward the target direction with magnitude linear in input norm, activating only on poisoned samples.
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Understanding the Role of Hallucination in Reinforcement Post-Training of Multimodal Reasoning Models
RL post-training on hallucination-forced multimodal data improves reasoning performance and can outperform standard training.
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Addressing Overthinking in Large Vision-Language Models via Gated Perception-Reasoning Optimization
GPRO trains a meta-controller on 790k failure-labeled samples to dynamically select fast, perception, or reasoning paths in LVLMs, yielding higher accuracy and shorter responses than prior slow-thinking methods.
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Reasoning Within the Mind: Dynamic Multimodal Interleaving in Latent Space
DMLR performs dynamic visual-textual interleaving in latent space using confidence-guided latent policy gradient optimization and a dynamic visual injection strategy, yielding improved multimodal reasoning on benchmarks.
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Asking like Socrates: Socrates helps VLMs understand remote sensing images
RS-EoT uses a SocraticAgent self-play system and two-stage RL to train VLMs for genuine iterative reasoning and visual inspection on remote sensing VQA and grounding tasks, achieving SOTA results.
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High-Resolution Visual Reasoning via Multi-Turn Grounding-Based Reinforcement Learning
MGPO elicits grounding in LMMs via multi-turn RL with binary rewards, yielding 5.4% and 5.2% gains on MME-Realworld and V* Bench and surpassing GPT-4o on the latter after training on 21K samples.
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VGR: Visual Grounded Reasoning
VGR introduces a visual-grounded reasoning MLLM that detects and replays image regions during inference, achieving gains on visual benchmarks with 30% fewer image tokens than the LLaVA-NeXT-7B baseline.
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GRIT: Teaching MLLMs to Think with Images
GRIT introduces a grounded reasoning paradigm for MLLMs where reasoning chains interleave text and bounding boxes, trained via GRPO-GR reinforcement learning on as few as 20 examples without annotations.
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TRON: Targeted Rule-Verifiable Online Environments for Visual Reasoning RL
TRON supplies 520 rule-verifiable online visual reasoning environments across five ability buckets that generate unlimited training instances for RL post-training, yielding consistent gains on ten external multimodal benchmarks for three vision-language models.
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Make Each Token Count: Towards Improving Long-Context Performance with KV Cache Eviction
A unified learnable KV eviction policy with cross-layer calibration reduces memory and matches or exceeds full-cache performance on long-context tasks by retaining useful tokens and limiting attention dilution.
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Reinforcing Multimodal Reasoning Against Visual Degradation
ROMA improves MLLM robustness to seen and unseen visual corruptions by +2.3-2.4% over GRPO on seven reasoning benchmarks while matching clean accuracy.
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One Step Forward and K Steps Back: Better Reasoning with Denoising Recursion Models
Denoising Recursion Models train multi-step noise reversal in looped transformers and outperform the prior Tiny Recursion Model on ARC-AGI.
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Saliency-R1: Enforcing Interpretable and Faithful Vision-language Reasoning via Saliency-map Alignment Reward
Saliency-R1 uses a novel saliency map technique and GRPO with human bounding-box overlap as reward to improve VLM reasoning faithfulness and interpretability.
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SPHINX: A Synthetic Environment for Visual Perception and Reasoning
SPHINX generates synthetic visual puzzles for benchmarking LVLMs, where GPT-5 scores 51.1% and RLVR training improves both in-domain and external visual reasoning performance.
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REVISOR: Beyond Textual Reflection, Towards Multimodal Introspective Reasoning in Long-Form Video Understanding
REVISOR adds multimodal visual-text reflection and a Dual Attribution Decoupled Reward to improve long-form video reasoning in MLLMs without extra supervised fine-tuning.
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Locate-Then-Examine: Grounded Region Reasoning Improves Detection of AI-Generated Images
Locate-Then-Examine improves AI-generated image detection by localizing suspicious regions first then performing region-aware re-examination, while releasing the TRACE dataset of 20k annotated images.
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Mitigating Visual Context Degradation in Large Multimodal Models: A Training-Free Decoupled Agentic Framework
DRP decouples reasoning from perception in LMMs by using an LLM reasoner to query an LMM observer for visual details as needed, reducing visual grounding loss.
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InternVL3.5: Advancing Open-Source Multimodal Models in Versatility, Reasoning, and Efficiency
InternVL3.5 advances open-source multimodal models with Cascade RL for +16% reasoning gains and ViR for 4x inference speedup, with the 241B model reaching SOTA among open-source MLLMs on multimodal, reasoning, and agentic tasks.
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Perception-Aware Policy Optimization for Multimodal Reasoning
PAPO integrates perception-aware supervision via a KL-based loss into RLVR methods like GRPO, yielding 4.4-17.5% gains on multimodal benchmarks and 30.5% fewer perception errors, with larger gains on vision-heavy tasks.
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Mobile-R1: Towards Interactive Capability for VLM-Based Mobile Agent via Systematic Training
Mobile-R1 introduces a hierarchical three-stage curriculum that combines format alignment, verifiable action feedback, and multi-turn environment training to improve exploration and self-correction in VLM-based mobile agents, plus a new Chinese GUI dataset and benchmark.
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Reinforcing Spatial Reasoning in Vision-Language Models with Interwoven Thinking and Visual Drawing
VILASR integrates visual drawing operations with reasoning in LVLMs via cold-start synthetic training, reflective rejection sampling, and reinforcement learning, yielding an 18.4% average gain on spatial reasoning benchmarks.
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Mixture-of-Retrieval Experts for Reasoning-Guided Multimodal Knowledge Exploitation
MoRE enables MLLMs to dynamically coordinate heterogeneous retrieval experts via Step-GRPO training, yielding over 7% average gains on open-domain QA benchmarks.
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Adaptive Chain-of-Focus Reasoning via Dynamic Visual Search and Zooming for Efficient VLMs
Chain-of-Focus enables VLMs to adaptively search and zoom on important image areas via a two-stage SFT and RL pipeline on a custom 3K-sample dataset, yielding 5% gains on the V* benchmark across resolutions from 224 to 4K.
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VLM-R1: A Stable and Generalizable R1-style Large Vision-Language Model
VLM-R1 applies R1-style RL using rule-based rewards on visual tasks with clear ground truth to achieve competitive performance and superior generalization over SFT in vision-language models.
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OpenVLThinker: Complex Vision-Language Reasoning via Iterative SFT-RL Cycles
Iterative SFT-RL cycles enable a 7B LVLM to develop sophisticated visual chain-of-thought reasoning and improve performance on math and general reasoning benchmarks.
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Does Seeing More Mean Knowing More? Mono-Anchored Advantage Normalization for Multi-Source Visual Reasoning
MARS introduces mono-anchored advantage normalization to quantify information gain from multi-source integration in RLVR, yielding 3.2% and 4.9% gains on GRPO and DAPO.
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REC-RL: Referring expression counting via Gaussian and range-based reward optimization
REC-RL applies Group Relative Policy Optimization with combined range and Gaussian accuracy rewards plus a format reward to improve referring expression counting.
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Measure Twice, Click Once: Co-evolving Proposer and Visual Critic via Reinforcement Learning for GUI Grounding
A co-evolving proposer-critic RL framework improves GUI grounding accuracy by letting the model critique its own proposals rendered on screenshots.
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SignReasoner: Compositional Reasoning for Complex Traffic Sign Understanding via Functional Structure Units
SignReasoner decomposes traffic signs into functional structure units and uses a two-stage VLM post-training pipeline to achieve state-of-the-art compositional reasoning on a new benchmark.
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MedLVR: Latent Visual Reasoning for Reliable Medical Visual Question Answering
MedLVR interleaves latent visual reasoning segments in autoregressive decoding and uses two-stage training to raise average medical VQA accuracy from 48.3% to 53.4% over a Qwen2.5-VL-7B backbone on OmniMedVQA and five other benchmarks.
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Can Textual Reasoning Improve the Performance of MLLMs on Fine-grained Visual Classification?
Longer textual reasoning chains degrade MLLM accuracy on fine-grained visual tasks; a new normalization and constrained-reward training framework mitigates the effect and sets new SOTA numbers.
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Geo-R1: Improving Few-Shot Geospatial Referring Expression Understanding with Reinforcement Fine-Tuning
Geo-R1 uses reasoning-centric reinforcement fine-tuning to improve few-shot performance and generalization in geospatial referring expression understanding over supervised baselines.
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Mixture-of-Visual-Thoughts: Exploring Context-Adaptive Reasoning Mode Selection for General Visual Reasoning
MoVT unifies different visual reasoning modes in a single model and uses the AdaVaR two-stage framework with supervised cold-start and RL via AdaGRPO to enable context-adaptive mode selection, yielding consistent gains on visual reasoning tasks.
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RealSR-R1: Reinforcement Learning for Real-World Image Super-Resolution with Vision-Language Chain-of-Thought
RealSR-R1 introduces VLCoT-GRPO with four rewards to add understanding and reasoning to real-world image super-resolution models.
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VideoChat-R1: Enhancing Spatio-Temporal Perception via Reinforcement Fine-Tuning
Reinforcement fine-tuning with temporal rewards produces VideoChat-R1, a video MLLM showing large gains on spatio-temporal perception benchmarks such as +31.8 temporal grounding and +31.2 object tracking.
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Enhancing Visual Question Answering with Multimodal LLMs via Chain-of-Question Guided Retrieval-Augmented Generation
A new CoVQD-guided retrieval-augmented generation framework improves multimodal LLMs on visual question answering by using structured reasoning to retrieve better external knowledge.
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Improving the Reasoning of Multi-Image Grounding in MLLMs via Reinforcement Learning
A pipeline of chain-of-thought data synthesis, LoRA-based supervised fine-tuning, rejection sampling, and rule-based reinforcement learning raises multi-image grounding accuracy by 9.04% on MIG-Bench and 4.41% on average across seven other benchmarks.
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From System 1 to System 2: A Survey of Reasoning Large Language Models
The survey organizes the shift of LLMs toward deliberate System 2 reasoning, covering model construction techniques, performance on math and coding benchmarks, and future research directions.
- CharTide: Data-Centric Chart-to-Code Generation via Tri-Perspective Tuning and Inquiry-Driven Evolution
- Cognitive Pivot Points and Visual Anchoring: Unveiling and Rectifying Hallucinations in Multimodal Reasoning Models