LongBench is the first bilingual multi-task benchmark for long context understanding in LLMs, containing 21 datasets in 6 categories with average lengths of 6711 words (English) and 13386 characters (Chinese).
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Extending Context Window of Large Language Models via Positional Interpolation
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abstract
We present Position Interpolation (PI) that extends the context window sizes of RoPE-based pretrained LLMs such as LLaMA models to up to 32768 with minimal fine-tuning (within 1000 steps), while demonstrating strong empirical results on various tasks that require long context, including passkey retrieval, language modeling, and long document summarization from LLaMA 7B to 65B. Meanwhile, the extended model by Position Interpolation preserve quality relatively well on tasks within its original context window. To achieve this goal, Position Interpolation linearly down-scales the input position indices to match the original context window size, rather than extrapolating beyond the trained context length which may lead to catastrophically high attention scores that completely ruin the self-attention mechanism. Our theoretical study shows that the upper bound of interpolation is at least $\sim 600 \times$ smaller than that of extrapolation, further demonstrating its stability. Models extended via Position Interpolation retain its original architecture and can reuse most pre-existing optimization and infrastructure.
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representative citing papers
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Autoregressive transformers exhibit measurable cognitive fatigue during extended generation, quantified by the Fatigue Index that predicts degradation (AUROC 0.95) and repetition (rho 0.94).
Persona Attack uses step-by-step memory injections to achieve up to 95% success in making LLMs ignore safety alignments, with effectiveness depending on model memory and instruction combinations.
Tensor Cache augments sliding-window attention with an eviction-fed outer-product associative memory and a training correction to improve long-context performance under bounded memory.
MemLens benchmark shows long-context LVLMs lose accuracy with length while memory agents lose visual fidelity, with multi-session reasoning below 30% for most systems and neither approach solving the task alone.
ExtraVAR enables resolution extrapolation in visual autoregressive models by stage-aware RoPE remapping and entropy-driven attention scaling, suppressing repetition and detail loss.
Jordan-RoPE realizes a distance-modulated phase basis via non-semisimple Jordan blocks, generating features such as d e^{iωd} for relative positional encoding.
Dual Triangle Attention achieves effective bidirectional attention with built-in positional inductive bias via dual triangular masks, outperforming standard bidirectional attention on position-sensitive tasks and showing strong masked language modeling results with or without positional embeddings.
Multiscreen replaces softmax attention with screening to provide absolute query-key relevance, resulting in models with 30% fewer parameters that maintain stable performance at long contexts.
SHARP applies a spectrum-aware dynamic RoPE scaling schedule that promotes resolution more strongly in early denoising stages and relaxes it later, outperforming static baselines on quality metrics for remote sensing images.
GRAPE unifies RoPE and ALiBi as special cases of group actions on positions, providing a principled design space for positional encodings via SO(d) rotations and GL unipotent transformations.
Stacked causal self-attention combined with LayerNorm induces recency bias in Transformer decoders, reversing the earlier-token bias seen in attention alone.
KV cache compression causes task-dependent degradation in high-density reasoning due to disrupted CoT links; ShotKV mitigates this by preserving few-shot examples as indivisible semantic units through phase separation, delivering 9-18% accuracy gains and 11% latency reduction.
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LongRoPE extends LLM context windows to 2048k tokens via search for non-uniform positional interpolation, progressive fine-tuning from 256k, and short-context readjustment.
ACE is a pluggable module that elastically orchestrates historical agent steps as raw, abstract, or dropped to maintain compact yet recoverable context for LLM agents handling long trajectories.
LPES uses per-layer scaling factors optimized by a genetic algorithm with Bézier curves to balance attention and improve long-context LLM performance by up to 11.2% on key-value retrieval.
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IS-CoT framework interleaves planning, writing, and reflection in LLMs to prevent length collapse, yielding IS-Writer-8B that outperforms larger models on long-form benchmarks with better length compliance.
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Jordan-RoPE realizes a distance-modulated phase basis via non-semisimple Jordan blocks, generating features such as d e^{iωd} for relative positional encoding.
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Screening Is Enough
Multiscreen replaces softmax attention with screening to provide absolute query-key relevance, resulting in models with 30% fewer parameters that maintain stable performance at long contexts.
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Group Representational Position Encoding
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RoVE: Rotary Value Embeddings Attention for Relative Position-dependent Value Pathways
RoVE rotates value embeddings simultaneously with keys in attention to make values position-dependent, reframing RoPE as attentive convolution and reporting gains on long-context tasks in 124M and 354M GPT-2 models.
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PJ-RoPE: A Fourier-Jet-Affine Position Space for Relative Attention
PJ-RoPE organizes relative-position mechanisms as a learnable Fourier-Jet-Affine space derived from lag-shift dynamics, extending RoPE and ALiBi with explicit jets and sector selection.
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Remember to Forget: Gated Adaptive Positional Encoding
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VIP-COP: Context Optimization for Tabular Foundation Models
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Soft-NBCE: Entropy-Weighted Chunk Fusion for Long-Context
Soft-NBCE uses temperature-scaled softmax over chunk entropies for soft fusion plus KL-distillation to a full-context teacher, yielding higher F1 on LongBench multi-hop tasks than hard NBCE at O(L^2/n) memory.
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PRISM: Position-encoded Regressive Inverse Spectral Model for Multilayer Thin-Film Design
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